Social Determinant of Child Maltreatment: Relationship between Collective Efficacy and Child Maltreatment among Community in Petaling Jaya, Selangor
Keywords:
collective efficacy, social cohesion, informal social control, child maltreatment
Abstract
The community has active roles to play to mitigate child maltreatment. In reviewing the Child Abuse and Neglect prevention measurement in Malaysia, the readiness score is relatively at the moderate level based on World Health Organization assessment tools. The primary objective was to assess a relationship between collective efficacy and child maltreatment in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. The cross-sectional and correlational study has been adopted. A sum of 390 questionnaires were disseminated to Petaling Jaya community, particularly those who were married with at minimum one child. The findings have revealed that the social cohesion and child maltreatment possesses a significant relationship (r= 0.111, p<0.05), however informal social control did not indicate any relationship (r= 0.098, p>0.05) with child maltreatment. The findings of this study contribute to several significant contribution. Several suggestions were provided for the Malaysian government to initiate some community approaches in effort to mitigate child maltreatment. It is practically to recommend the government to invigorate the comprehensive policies in fostering the community awareness to exercise their social responsibility in community in addressing the child maltreatment issues.The community awareness enables to enhance proactive involvement in which it could prompt the active action and establish a set of partnership among community group members. Hence, it is able to strengthen the solid protection to increase the resilience of children due to the proactive society to protect the vulnerable children and have zero tolerance on violence against children.
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References
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Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2010). Research method for business. Third Avenue, New York: John Wily & Sons Ltd.
Steenbeek & Hipp, J. R. (2011). A longitudinal test of social disorganization theory: Feedback effects among cohesion, social control, and disorder. Criminology Journal, 49(3), 833-871.
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics (ct) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75-88.
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Abdullah, J., Hitam, M., Raees, W., Eissa, G. S. & Ibrahim, N. B. (2017). Underreporting child abuse cases in Malaysia: Society’s role in prevention of child abuse. Wold Applied Science Journal, 35 (11). 2507-2512.
Arainn, M., Haque, M., Johal, L., Mathur, P., Rais, A., Ranbi, S. & Sushil (2013). Maturation of adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatry Treatment, 9, 449–461.
Betancourt, T. S., McBain, R., Newnham, E. A., Akinsulure-Smith, A. M., Brennan, R. T., Weisz, J. R. & Hansen, N. B. (2014). A behavioural intervention for war-affected youth in Sierra Leone: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53 (12), 1288-1297.
Cao, Y. & Maguire-Jack, K. (2016). Interactions with community and institution: Preventive pathways for child maltreatment. Child Abuse Journal, 62,111-121.
Cheah, I. G. S. & Yuen, C. W. (2016). Child maltreatment prevention: Readiness assessment in Malaysia. Medical Journal Malaysia, 71 (1).
Choo, M. D. (2017, March 16). Physical abuse top list of child abuse cases between 2015-2016. New Straits Time. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/03/221444/phys ical-abuse-tops-list-child-abusecases-between-2015-2016
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for social behavioural science. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coulton, C. J., Crampton, D. S., Irwin, M., Spilsbury, J. C. & Korbin, J. E. (2007). How neighbourhoods influence child maltreatment: A review of the literature and alternative pathways. Child abuse and Neglect Journal, 31 (11-12), 1117-1142.
Daro, D. & Dodge, K. (2013). Creating responsibility for child protection: Possibilities and challenges. Future Child, 19(2), 67-93.
Department of Social Welfare Malaysia. (2016). Buku Statistik 2016. Retrieved from http://www. jkm.gov.my/jkm/uploads/files/penerbitan/Buku%20statistik%2.02016.pdf
Drakulich, K. M. & Crutchfield, R. D. (2012). Instability, informal control and criminogenic situations: Community effects of returning prisoners. Crime Law Social Change, 57, 493–519.
Ellis, B. H., Abdi, S. M., Miller, A. B., White, M. T., & Lincoln, A. K. (2015). Protective factors for violence perpetration in Somali young adults: The role of community belonging and neighbourhood cohesion. Psychology of Violence, 5(4), 384-392.
Emery, C. F., Clifton R., Jolley, Jennifer, Wu & Shali (2010). Intimate partner violence relationship dissolution among couples with children: The counterintuitive role of "law and order" neighbourhoods. Journal of Community Psychology, 38 (4), 456-468.
Emery, C. F., Trung, H. N. & Wu, S. (2013). Neighbourhood informal social control and child maltreatment: A comparison of protective and punitive approaches. Child Abuse and Neglect, 5.
Filzah, Z. & Taib, F. (2015). Child abuse in Malaysia: A neglected child health issue. Malaysian Journal of Pediatric and Child Health, 21.
Freisthler, B. & Maguire-Jack, K. (2015). Understanding the interplay between neighbourhood structural factors, social processes, and alcohol outlets on child physical abuse. Child Maltreatment, 20(4), 268-277.
Fujiwara, T., Yamaoka, Y. & Kawachi, I. (2016). Neighbourhood social capital and infant physical abuse: A population-based study in Japan. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 10(13).
Goldfeld, S., Villanueva, K., Tanton, R., Katz, I., Brinkman, S., Woolcock, G. & Giles-Corti, B. (2017). Kids in communities study (KiCS) study protocol: A cross-sectional mixed- methods approach to measuring community-level factors influencing early child development in Australia. BMJ Open, 7(3), 1-14.
Goodenow, C. (1993). The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools , 30(1), 79-90
Hamdzah, H. & Yaasin, R. F. (2016). Child abuse in Malaysia: An overview from Islamic perspective. Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 36-47.
Hurford, D. P. (2016). Utilizing the ecological integration model to understand parental abuse of children with dyslexia. Journal Child Development Disorder, 2(5).
Institut Sosial Malaysia. (2018). Announcement Program: 2018. Retrieved from http:www.ism. gov.my/en/
Kimbrough, M. R. J. & Melton, G. B. (2015). ‘Someone will notice, and someone will care’: How to build strong communities for children. Child Abuse Neglect, 41, 67-68.
Lampinen, J. M. & Radek, K. S. (2010). Protecting children from violence: Evidence-based intervention. Retrieved from http://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/userfiles/file/Child ren_and_Families/Complete%20Matrix%20Booklet% 2011. FEB02.pdf
Maguire-Jack, K. (2014). Multilevel Investigation into the community context of child maltreatment. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 23(3), 229-248.
Maguire-Jack, K. & Showalter, K. (2016). The protective effect of neighbourhood social cohesion in child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 29–37.
Maguire-Jack, K. & Wang, X. (2016). Pathways from neighbourhood to neglect: The mediating effects of social support and parenting. Children and Youth Service Review, 66, 28-34.
Mulunga, N. & Yazdanifard, R. (2014). Review of social inclusion, social cohesion and social capital in modern organization. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: Administration and Management, 14(3).
Munoz, R. F., Beardsless & Leykin, Y. (2012). Major depression can be prevented. AM Psychology, 67(4), 285-95.
Sampson, R. J. (1997). Neighbourhood and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 918-924.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2010). Research method for business. Third Avenue, New York: John Wily & Sons Ltd.
Steenbeek & Hipp, J. R. (2011). A longitudinal test of social disorganization theory: Feedback effects among cohesion, social control, and disorder. Criminology Journal, 49(3), 833-871.
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics (ct) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75-88.
Suka Society (2018). Putting children first. Retrived from http://www.sukasociety.org/
UNICEF Malaysia. (2013). Child protection system in Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/malaysia/sowc_sowc_12-children_with_disability.html
UNICEF New York. (2013). Research and report. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/ research-and-reports
Yonas, M. A., Hussey, J. M., Lewis, T. & Thompson, R. (2010). Perceptions of neighbourhood collective efficacy moderate the impact of maltreatment on aggression. Child Maltreatment Journal, 15(1), 37-47.
World Population Review. (2018). Population in Malaysia. Retrieved from http://world populationreview.com/countries/malaysia-population/
Published
2019-05-01
How to Cite
Hazuki, A. H. and Mohamed Harith, N. H. (2019) “Social Determinant of Child Maltreatment: Relationship between Collective Efficacy and Child Maltreatment among Community in Petaling Jaya, Selangor”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 4(2), pp. 19 - 29. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v4i2.182.
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