Konsep Jaringan dan Aplikasi Teori Jaringan Sosial ke dalam Jaringan Perkhidmatan Kebajikan Kanak-kanak
Keywords:
jaringan sosial, teori jaringan sosial, jaringan perkhidmatan, ikatan, kanak-kanak
Abstract
Artikel ini membincangkan mengenai konsep jaringan sosial dan aplikasi Teori Jaringan Sosial ke dalam jaringan perkhidmatan kebajikan kanak-kanak. Konsep jaringan sosial yang dibincangkan dipecahkan kepada dua bahagian; iaitu konsep jaringan sosial dari aspek hubungan dan konsep jaringan sosial dari aspek struktur. Manakala, Teori Jaringan Sosial pula menerangkan empat perkara asas; iaitu jenis jaringan sosial, corak jaringan sosial, sistem jaringan sosial dan agihan jaringan sosial. Analisis dokumen yang dilakukan melalui sorotan literatur terhadap kajian-kajian lepas mendapati bahawa jaringan sosial dibahagikan kepada tiga jenis; iaitu jaringan sosial formal, jaringan sosial tidak formal dan jaringan sosial bersepadu. Corak jaringan sosial pula dipecahkan kepada lima corak perhubungan; iaitu hubungan tidak berarah, hubungan berarah, hubungan secara simetri, hubungan melalui orang tengah dan juga sosiogram. Manakala, bagi agihan jaringan sosial, didapati terdapat empat faktor utama yang mempengaruhi agihan jaringan sosial; iaitu objek atau pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam jaringan yang terbina, penghubung ikatan jaringan, hubungan peranan, fungsi dan tanggungjawab antara objek/pihak yang terlibat dalam ikatan jaringan; serta arus (flow) dan pertukaran (exchange) dalam sistem jaringan.
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References
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Paulson, S. K. (1985). A Paradigm for the Analysis of Interorganizational Networks. Journal of Social Networks, 7(2), 105-126.
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Streeter, C. L., & Gillespie, D. F. (1992). Social Network Analysis. Journal of Social Service Research, 16(1/2), 201-222.
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Tietjen, A. M. (1989). The Ecology of Children’s Social Support Networks. In D. Belle (ed.), Children’s Social Networks and Social Supports. New York: Wiley.
Verbrugge, L. M. (1977). The Structure of Adult Friendship Choices. Social Forces, 56, 576-597.
Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: University Press.
Wellman, B. (1979). The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers. American Journal of Sociology, 84(5), 1201-1231.
Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support. American Journal of Sociology, 96(3), 558-588.
White, D. R., & Harary, F. (2001). The Cohesiveness of Blocks in Social Networks: Node Connectivity and Conditional Density. Sociological Methodology, 31, 305-359.
Zachary, W. W. (1977). An Information Flow Model for Conflict and Fission in Small Group. Journal of Anthropological Research, 33, 452-473.
Zhao, Shanyang & Elesh. (2008). Copresence as “Being with”. Information, Communication & Society, 11(4): 565-583.
Boase, Jeffry, Horrigan, J. B., Wellman, B., & Rainie, L. (2006). The Strength of Internet Ties. Washington: Pew Internet and American Life Project.
Borgatti, S. (2002). Basic Social Network Concepts. www.analytictech.com/aomnetwork.
Bott, E. (1957). Family and Social Network. London: Tavistock.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bruyere, E., & Garbarino, J. (2010). The Ecological Perspective on the Human Rights of Children. In S. B. Kamerman, S. Phipps & A. Ben-Arieh (Eds.), From Child Welfare to Child Well-Being (pp. 137-154). Netherlands: Springer
Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network Over 32 Years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370-379.
Davis, J. M. (2011). Integrated Children's Services. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Domhoff, G. W. (1967). Who Rules America? Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Erickson, B. H. (1988). The Relational Basis of Attitudes. In Social Structures: A Network Approach. Edited by Wellman, B., & Berkowitz, S. D. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Feld, S. L. (1981). The Focused Organization of Social Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 86(5), 1015-1035.
Feld, S. L., & Carter, W. C. (1998). Foci of Activities as Changing Contexts for Friendship. In Placing Friendship in Context. Edited by Adams, R. G., & Allan, G. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Festinger, L., Schacter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Finch, J. & Mason, J. (1993). Negotiating Family Responsibilities. London: Tavistock Routledge.
Finch, J. (1989). Family Obligations and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Fischer, C. S. (1982). To Dwell among Friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Freeman, L. (1979). Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarification. Social Network, 1(3), 215-239.
Garbarino, J. (1982). Children and Families in the Social Environment. New York: Aldine.
Granovetter, M. S. (1982). The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited. In P. Marsden, & N. Linn (Eds.), Social Structure and Network Analysis. Beverly Hills, Calif.: SAGE Publications.
Hall, A., & Wellman, B. (1985). Social Networks and Social Support. In Social Support and Health, edited by Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. Orlando: Academic Press.
Hallinan, M. T. (1982). Classroom Racial Composition and Children’s Friendships. Social Forces, 61, 56-72.
Hallinan, M. T., & Williams, R. (1989). Interracial Friendship Choices in Secondary Schools. American sociological Review, 54, 67-78.
Halpern, D. (2011). Social Capital. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hornby, A. D., & Asmah Omar. (2001). Advanced Learner’s English – Malay Dictionary. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti.
Jure, L. A., Lada, A. A., & Bernardo, A. H. (2007). The Dynamics of Viral Marketing. ACM TransActions on the Web, 1(1), 5.
Kadushin, C. (1966). The Friends and Supporters of Psychotherapy: On Social Circles in Urban Life. American Sociological Review, 31, 786-802.
Kadushin, C. (2012). Understanding social networks: Theories, concepts, and findings. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Merton, R. K. (1955). Freedom and Control in Modern Society. In M. Berger, T. Abel, & C. H. Page (Eds.), Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
Leavitt, H. J. (1951). Some Effects of Certain Communication Patterns on Group Performance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 38-50.
McCarty, C. (2002). Structure in Personal Networks. Journal of Social Structure, 3, 1.
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415-444.
Mitchell, J. C. (1969). The Concept and Use of Social Networks. In J. C. Mitchell (eds.), Social Networks in Urban Situations. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.
Neaigus, Alan, Friedman, S. R, Goldstein, M., Ildefonso, G., Curtis, R., & Jose, B. (1995). Using Dyadic Data for Network Analysis of HIV Infection and Risk Behaviours among Injecting Drug Users. In R. H. Needle, S. L. Coyle, S. G. Genser, and R. T. I Trotter (Eds.), Social Networks, Drug Abuse, and HIV Transmission. Rockville, Md: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health.
Nieuwbeerta, P., & Flap, H. (2000). Crosscutting Social Circles and Political Choice: Effects of Personal Network Composition on Voting Behavior in the Netherlands. Journal of Social Networks, 22(4), 313-335.
Paulson, S. K. (1985). A Paradigm for the Analysis of Interorganizational Networks. Journal of Social Networks, 7(2), 105-126.
Polister, P. E. (1980). Network Analysis and the Logic of Social Support. In R. H. Price & P. E. Polister (Eds.), Evaluation and Action in the Social Environment. New York: Academis Press.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.
Siti Hajar Abu Bakar Ah. (2007). Strategi Kebajikan dan Dasar Sosial di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Spicker, P. (2008). Social Policy: Themes and Approaches (2nd ed.). Bristol: The Policy Press.
Streeter, C. L., & Gillespie, D. F. (1992). Social Network Analysis. Journal of Social Service Research, 16(1/2), 201-222.
Tichy, N. M., & Fombrun, C. (1979). Network Analysis in Organizational Settings. Human Relations, 32, 923-965.
Tietjen, A. M. (1989). The Ecology of Children’s Social Support Networks. In D. Belle (ed.), Children’s Social Networks and Social Supports. New York: Wiley.
Verbrugge, L. M. (1977). The Structure of Adult Friendship Choices. Social Forces, 56, 576-597.
Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: University Press.
Wellman, B. (1979). The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers. American Journal of Sociology, 84(5), 1201-1231.
Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support. American Journal of Sociology, 96(3), 558-588.
White, D. R., & Harary, F. (2001). The Cohesiveness of Blocks in Social Networks: Node Connectivity and Conditional Density. Sociological Methodology, 31, 305-359.
Zachary, W. W. (1977). An Information Flow Model for Conflict and Fission in Small Group. Journal of Anthropological Research, 33, 452-473.
Zhao, Shanyang & Elesh. (2008). Copresence as “Being with”. Information, Communication & Society, 11(4): 565-583.
Published
2019-06-27
How to Cite
Abdul Rauf, S. H., Abd Wahab, H. and Abu Bakar Ah, S. H. (2019) “Konsep Jaringan dan Aplikasi Teori Jaringan Sosial ke dalam Jaringan Perkhidmatan Kebajikan Kanak-kanak”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 4(3), pp. 147 - 163. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v4i3.216.
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