Memahami Konsep-Konsep Pembangunan Gender: Sebuah Kertas Konsep
Abstract
Pembangunan gender merujuk kepada proses di mana individu memperoleh pemahaman tentang identiti gender mereka sendiri dan norma dan peranan masyarakat yang dikaitkan dengan gender yang berbeza. Ia merupakan suatu bentuk interaksi kompleks di antara faktor biologi, psikologi dan sosiobudaya. "Pembangunan gender" sebagai konsep yang merujuk kepada proses di mana individu memahami, menghayati dan menyatakan identiti gender mereka. Ia merangkumi aspek kognitif, emosi dan sosial tentang cara orang melihat diri mereka dari segi gender mereka dan cara mereka berhubung dengan norma dan peranan gender yang ditetapkan oleh masyarakat mereka. Keperluan dalam merekodkan kesemua konsep-konsep pembangunan gender dalam membolehkan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam. Kepelbagaian konsep pembangunan gender yang wujud memerlukan penulisan sebuah kertas konsep dalam merekodkan kesemua konsep yang wujud secara bersama. Penulisan ini merupakan sebuah kertas konsep yang akan menyenaraikan konsep-konsep pembangunan gender yang wujud menerusi gabungan pelbagai kajian luar dan tempatan. Kertas konsep sebegini dapat menyumbang kepada ilmu pengetahuan terutama dalam menjadi panduan kepada pelajar, para akademik, pembuat polisi, untuk mengetahui tentang konsep-konsep pembangunan gender yang wujud.
Downloads
References
Adler, P. A., Kless, S. J., Adler, P. (1992). Socialization to gender roles: Popularity among elementary school boys and girls. Sociology of Education, 65(3), 169–187.
Alters, S., & Schiff, W. (2009). Essential Concepts for Healthy Living. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Baden, S. & Goet, A. M. (1997). Who needs [Sex] when you can have [Gender]? conflicting discourses on gender at Beijing. Feminist Review, 56(1), 3–25.
Bayeh, E. (2016). The role of empowering women and achieving gender equality to the sustainable development of Ethiopia. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 38.
Beasley, C.H. (2005). Gender &Sexuality. Sage Publications
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2000). Gender differences in pay. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(4), 75–100
Bloch, R. H. & Ferguson, F. (1989). Misogyny, Misandry, and Misanthropy. University of California Press.
Brown, C. S. (2014). Parenting beyond pink & blue: How to raise your kids free of gender stereotypes. Ten Speed Press.
Campbell, K. & Minquez-Vera. A. (2008). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 435-451
Carter, S. J., Corra, M., & Carter, S. K. (2009). The interaction of race and gender: Changing gender-role attitudes. Social Science Quarterly, 90(1), 196–211
Celik, H., Lagro-Janssen, T., Klinge, I., van der Weijden, T., & Widdershoven, G. (2009). Maintaining gender sensitivity in the family practice: Facilitators and barriers. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 15, 1220–25.
Chizuko, U. (2005). Contemporary Japanese thought. Columbia University Press.
Cornwall, A., Harrison, E. & Whitehead, A. (eds). (2007). Feminisms in Development: Contradictions, Contestations and Challenges. Zed Books.
Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 655–81. doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0091
Cudd, A. E. & Jones, L. E. (2005). Sexism: A Companion to Applied Ethics. Blackwell.
Cundiff, J., & Vescio, T. (2016). Gender stereotypes influence how people explain gender disparities in the workplace. Sex Roles, 75(3-4), 126-138. DOI:10.1007/s11199-016-0593-2
Davies-Netzley, S. A. (1998). Women above the Glass Ceiling: Perceptions on Corporate Mobility and Strategies for Success. Gender and Society, 12(3), 340. doi:10.1177/0891243298012003006
Dill, K. E., & Thill, K. P. (2007). Video Game Characters and the Socialization of Gender Roles: Young People's Perceptions Mirror Sexist Media Depictions. Sex Roles, 57(11–12), 851–864
Ellemers, N. (2017). Annual review of psychology gender stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 275–298. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2012). The dynamic development of gender variability. Journal of homosexuality, 59(3), 398-421.
Ferrante, J. (2010). Sociology: A Global Perspective (7th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth
Francis, A., Waring, W., Stavropoulos, P. & Kirkby,,J. (2003). Gender Studies :Terms and Debates. Macmillan
Frawley, T. (2005). Gender bias in the classroom: Current controversies and implications for teachers. Childhood Education, 81, 221.
García-González, J., Forcén P., & Jimenez-Sanchez, M. (2019). Men and women differ in their perception of gender bias in research institutions. PLoS ONE, 14(12), e0225763. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225763
Gilmore, D. D. (2001). Misogyny: The Male Malady. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Gochman, D. S. (1997). Handbook of Health Behavior Research II: Provider Determinants. Springer Science & Business Media.
Grimwood, T. (2008). The limits of misogyny: Schopenhauer, "on women"". Kritike: An Online Journal of Philosophy, 2(2), 131–145. doi:10.3860/krit.v2i2.854
Hunnicutt, G. (2009). Varieties of patriarchy and violence against women: Resurrecting "patriarchy" as a theoretical tool. Violence Against Women, 15(5), 553–573.
Johns, M. L. (2013). Breaking the glass ceiling: Structural, cultural, and organizational barriers preventing women from achieving senior and executive positions. Perspectives in Health Information Management, 10(Winter):1e.
Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women'empoverment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13–24.
Kupers, T. A. (June 2005). Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 713–724.
Lindsey, L. L. (2015). Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective. Routledge.
Lippa, R. A. (2005). Gender, Nature, and Nurture (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Lenhart, S. A. (2004). Clinical aspects of sexual harassment and gender discrimination: Psychological consequences and treatment interventions. Routledge.
Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy. Oxford University Press.
Levesque R.J.R. (2011) Sex Roles and Gender Roles. In: Levesque R.J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, New York, NY.
Lockard, C. (2015). Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning.
Lopez, A. (2013). "From unheard screams to powerful voices: a case study of Women's political empowerment in the Philippines". 12th National Convention on Statistics (NCS) EDSA Shangri-la Hotel, Mandaluyong City October 1–2, 2013.
Lucas-Stannard, P. (2012). Gender Neutral Parenting: Raising Kids With The Freedom To Be Themselves. Verity Publishing.
Macklem, T. (2003). Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination. Cambridge University Press.
Malti-Douglas, F. (2007). Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Macmillan.
Masequesmay, G. (2008). Sexism. In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. SAGE Publishing.
Martin, A. & Phillips, K. (2017). What “blindness” to gender differences helps women see and do: Implications for confidence, agency, and action in male-dominated environments. Organizational Behavior Human Decision Processes, 142, 28-44.
Martin A, & Phillips K. (2019). Blind to bias: The benefits of gender-blindness for STEM stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 82, 294-306. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.11.003
Martin, C. L., & Ruble, D. N. (2010). Patterns of gender development. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 353-381.
Martin, H., & Finn, S. E. (2010). Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A. University of Minnesota Press.
Matsumoto, D. (2001). The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. Oxford University Press.
McIlvenny, P. (2002). Talking Gender & Sexuality. Benjamins Publishing Company
McKie, L. & Hearn, J. (2004). Gender-neutrality and gender equality: Comparing and contrasting policy responses to 'domestic violence' in Finland and Scotland. Scottish Affairs, 48(1), 85–107. doi:10.3366/scot.2004.0043
Meyer, E. (2010). Gender &Sexual Diversity in Schools. Springer
Marchand, M. H. & Parpart, J. L. (1995). Feminism/Postmodernism/Development. Routledge.
Miller, A. L., & Borgida, E. (2016). The Separate Spheres Model of Gendered Inequality. PLOS ONE, 11 (1), e0147315
Morrison, A., White, R. P., & Velsor, E. V. (1982). Breaking The Glass Ceiling: Can Women Reach The Top Of America's Largest Corporations? Personnel Decisions, Inc.
Mosedale, S. (2005). Assessing women's empowerment: towards a conceptual framework. Journal of International Development, 17(2), 243–257.
Momsen, J. (2004). Gender and Development. Routledge.
Moser, C. (1993). Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training. Routledge.
Moser, C. (2014). Gender Planning and Development: Revisiting, Deconstructing and Reflecting. DPU60 Working Paper Series: Reflections NO. 165/60.
Nakdimen, K. A. (1984). The physiognomic basis of sexual stereotyping. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(4), 499–503
Paoletti, J. B. (2012). Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Pateman, C. (2016). Sexual Contract. In Naples, Nancy A. (ed.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, Volume 5. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parpart, J.L., Rai, S.M. & Staudt, K. (eds). (2002). Rethinking Empowerment: Gender and Development in a Global/Local World. Routledge
Porter, F. & Sweetman, C. (2005). Editorial. Gender and Development, 14(2), 171-179
Risberg, G., Hamberg, K., & Johansson, E. E. (2003). Gender awareness among physicians – The effect of specialty and gender. A study of teachers at a Swedish medical school. BMC Medical Education, 3(8), 1–9.
Risman, B. J. (2004). Gender as a social structure. Gender & Society, 18(4), 429–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204265349
Rosethorn, C. (2018). Why gender neutral parenting shouldn’t exist. Families. https://vocal.media/families/why-gender-neutral-parenting-shouldnt-exist.
Ruble, D. N., Martin, C. L., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2006). Gender development. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 858–932). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shehan, C. L. (2018). Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender. Cengage Learning
Smithson J., & Stokoe, E.H. (2005). Discourses of work-life balance: Negotiating 'genderblind' terms in organizations. Gender, Work and Organization, 12(2), 147-168. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00267x
Sytsma, S. E. (2006). Ethics and Intersex. Springer Science & Business Media.
Udry, J. R. (1994). The nature of gender. Demography, 31(4), 561–573.
Verdonk, P., Benschop, Y., de Haes, H., & Lagro-Janssen, T. (2009). From gender bias to gender awareness in medical education. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 14(1), 135–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-008-9100-z.
Walby, S. (1989). Theorising patriarchy. Sociology, 23(2), 213–234.
Wharton, A. S. (2005). The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research. John Wiley & Sons
Witt, J. (2017). SOC 2018 (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Wortman, C. B., Loftus, E. S. & Weaver, C. A (1999). Psychology. McGraw-Hill.
