Impak Ekopelancongan Terhadap Pemerkasaan Wanita, Kesaksamaan Gender dan Pembangunan Komuniti
Keywords:
ekopelancongan, gender, wanita, pemerkasaan, pembangunan komuniti
Abstract
Pemerkasaan wanita adalah salah satu syarat utama untuk mencapai kesaksamaan gender. Kajian- kajian terdahulu mendapati sektor ekopelancongan berpotensi untuk memperkasa wanita dan merapatkan jurang gender dalam sesebuah komuniti. Namun begitu, sehingga kini masih wujud ketidaksaksamaan gender dalam sektor ekopelancongan dan ini telah memperlahankan proses pemerkasaan wanita dan seterusnya mempengaruhi pencapaian pembangunan komuniti khususnya di luar bandar. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan perspektif gender untuk menganalisis kriteria-kriteria ketidaksaksamaan gender yang masih wujud dalam sektor ekopelancongan di luar bandar, Sabah. Disamping itu, kajian ini juga cuba untuk menilai sejauhmana sektor ekopelancongan mampu mengurangkan jurang ketidaksaksamaan gender serta mampu memperkasa wanita di luar bandar. Walaupun sebelum ini terdapat pelbagai kajian yang telah dilakukan di Sabah berkaitan isu ekopelancongan, namun pendekatan perspektif gender dalam kajian ekopelancongan di Malaysia khususnya di Sabah masih kurang. Untuk memenuhi kekurangan tersebut, kajian ini mengaplikasi pendekatan perspektif tersebut untuk menganalisis impak aktiviti sektor ekopelancongan di luar bandar terhadap pemerkasaan wanita, tahap pencapaian kearah kesaksamaan gender serta kesannya kepada pembangunan komuniti. Kajian ini dijalankan dalam dua buah kampung di Kota Belud iaitu Kampung Rampayan Laut dan Kampung Nanamun, iaitu dua buah kampung yang terlibat mengusahakan aktiviti-aktiviti berkaitan ekopelancongan.
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References
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Wearing, S. & Neil, J. (2009). Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities? (Second Edition). Elsevier Ltd, Oxford.
Weaver, D. (2001). Ecotourism. John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.
Wilkinson, P & Pratiwi,W (1995). Gender and tourism in an Indonesian village. Annals of Tourism Research. 22, 283-99.
Alka Obadic (2016). Gender Discrimination and Pay Gap on Tourism Labor Market. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. 10, 823-828.
Barbara J. Dilly. (2003). Gender Culture and Ecotourism: Development Policies and Practices In The Guyanese Rain Forest. Women’s Studies Quarterly. 31, 58-75.
Blamey, R. Principles of ecotourism (2001). In D. B. Weave (Ed.), The encyclopedia of ecotourism.( CABI Publishing, Oxford, 1-20.
Bras, K and Dahles, H (1998). Women Entrepreneurs And Beach Tourism In Sanur Bali: Gender Employment Opportunities And Government Policy. Pacific Tourism Review. 1, 243-256.
Claudia Hirtenfelder (2015). Ecotourism And Its Subversion Of Broader Gender Orders In Rural Botswana, Kenya. University of Johannesburg. MA thesis.
Duini @ Vini Sinteh (2010). Taman Kinabalu Sebagai Asas Pelancongan Utama Sabah dan Kesannya Kepada Masyarakat Setempat. Universiti Sains Malaysia. Tesis Sarjana.
Ecotourism Association of Australia (1998). Australian ecotourism resource book. R. Bushell Publications, Ltd, Australia.
Elmas, S. (2007). Gender and tourism development – a case study of the Cappadoccia region of Turkey. In Pritchard, A. (ed) Tourism and Gender: Embodiment, Sensuality and Experience. CABI, Wallingford.
Epler Wood, M. E. (2019). Ecotourism: Principles, practices and policies for sustainability. United Nations Environment Programme. Diambil dari http://www.unep.fr diakses pada 12 Julai 2019.
Evaristus M. Irandu, Parita Shah. (2014). The Role of Ecotourism in Promoting Women Empowerment and Community Development: Some Reflections From Kenya. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management. 2, 245-259.
Fennel, D. (2008). Ecotourism. Routledge, London.
Fredrick Z.A. Odede, Patrick O. Hayombe, Stephen Gaya Agong (2015). Ecotourism For Community Empowerment and Social Inclusion: The Case of Abindu Sacred site in Kisumu County, Kenya. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 6, 7-15.
Gentry, K. M. Bellzean (2007). Women and Tourism work: Opportunity or impediment. Annal of Tourism Research. 34, 477-496.
Higham, J. (2007). Ecotourism: Competing and Conflicting Schools of Thought in James Higham(ed). Critical Issues in Ecotourism: Understanding a Complex Tourism Phenomenan. Elsevier Ltd, Oxford.
Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise 2nd Edition. Island Press, London.
Intan Osman (2009). Zainal Ariffin Ahmad, Noor Hazlina Ahmad, Azrina Hussin, Saridan Abu Bakar & Nur Diyana Tanwir. Following the Trail of Women Homestay Entrepreneurs in Malaysia: Understanding Their Motivation and Empowerment. TEAM Journal of Hospitality & Tourism. 6, 24-35.
J.K, Reimer & Pierre Walter (2013). How Do You Know it When You See It? Community-based Ecotourism in Cardamom Mountains of Southwestern Cambodia. Tourism Management. 34, 122-132.
Jabil M, P,Y Mohamad, M,Z, Rosmira dan M/ Mazdi (2015). Transformation of Scuba Diving Tourism Development in Mabul Island, Sabah Journal of Borneo Social Transformation Studies. 1, 32-51.
Jabil Map Jabil (2010). Pelancongan Berasaskan Selam Skuba di Pulau Mabul, Sabah. Prosiding Perkem V. 2, 311-320.
Jacobus F.K, Carel.D, Miriam.M. (2005). Ecotourism As A Development Strategy: Experiences From Costa Rica. Environ Dev Sustain 11, 1225-1237
Jennifer Kim Lian Chan & Tom Baum (2007). Ecotourists’ Perception of Ecotourism Experience in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 15, 574-589.
K.S Barry (2012). Women Empowerment and Community Development Through Ecotourism. SIT Graduate Institute. MA thesis.
Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita Keluarga dan Masyarakat. (2016). Buku Perangkaan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat.
Koeman. Sa Pa (1998). Vietnam: Capacity Building For Sustainable Tourism and Sa Pa, Vietnam: Ideas for the Future. Comunications to the Internet Conference of Community Based Mountain Tourism Sponsored by Mountain Forum, 11 May.
L.Tran, P. Walter (2014). Ecotourism, Gender and Development in Norther Vietnam. Annals of Tourism Research. 20, 116-130.
Long. V and G. Wall (1995). Small Scale Tourism Development in Bali in M. Conlin and T. Baum (ed). Island Tourism: Management , Principles and Practice. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England.
Lucy, F. (2009). Analysing the Gender Dimensions of Tourism as a Development Strategy. Paper Presented at the Development Studies Association Conference.
Manu, Isaac Kuuder, Conrad-J.Wuleka (2012). Community-Based Ecotourism and Livelihood Enhancement in Sirigu, Ghana. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 2, 97-108.
Mohd Jirey Kumalah, Gusni Saat, Jabil Mapjabil, Rosazman Hussin, Teuku Afrizal, Mustapa Abu. (2015). Characterisation of ecotourism employment in a developing world destination. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites. 1, 112-128.
Mwangi, D. W. (2005). A case study analysis on the social impact of the ecotourism project in Selenkei Ranch, Amboseli, Kenya. University of Witwatersrand, SA. MA (tourism) thesis.
National Ecotourism Plan (1996), Kementerian Kebudayaan Kesenian dan Pelancongan.
National Ecotourism Plan (2016-2025). Kementerian Kebudayaan Keseniaan dan Pelancongan
Nor Haniza Mohamad (2016). Critical Success Factors of Community-Based Tourism In Batu Puteh. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. PhD thesis.
Nur Syakiran Akmal Ismail. (2015). Mengarusperdana Gender di Malaysia: Satu Tinjauan Konseptual. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 12, 160-171.
Nurain Sahazali & Er Ah Choy. (2013). Ekopelancongan di Taman Paya Bakau, Seri Manjung, Perak: Persepsi Penduduk Terhadap Impak Pembangunan. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 9, 69-79.
R. Scheyvens (1999). Ecotourism and The Empowerment of Local Communities. Tourism Management.20, 245-249.
R. Scheyvens (2007). Ecotourism and Gender Issues in James Higham(ed). Critical issues in Ecotourism (Elsevier, Burlingtin,185-213.
R.Scheyvens (2000). Promoting Women’s Empowerment through Involvement In Ecotourism: Experiences From The Third World. Journal Of Sustainable Tourism. 8, 232-249.
Ramzah Dambul & Amriah Buang (2008). Permasalahan Industri Pelancongan di Kundasang, Sabah: Penjelasan Kestrukturan Marxist. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 4, 32-44.
Reichert, J. (1994) Ecotourism principles. Speech read at the International Ecotourism Society’s International Eco-lodge Development Forum and Field Seminar in Maho Bay, USA in October. 1994.
Rosaleen Duffy. (2002). A Trip Too Far: Ecotourism, Politics and Exploitation. (Earthscan Publication Ltd, London.
Rosazman.H & Velan.K. (2016). Women Participation in Ecotourism Development: Are They Empowered? World Applied Sciences Journal. 34, 1652-1658.
Sabah Tourism (2018). Statistics Of Tourist Arrivals. Dari www.sabahtourism.com
Schellhorn. M. (2010). Development for whom? Social Justice and the business of ecotourism. Journal of Suistanable Tourism.18, 115-135.
Schellhorn.M. (2010). Development for whom? Social Justice and the business of ecotourism. Journal of Suistanable Tourism. 18, 115-135.
Simon.C, Memory.M, Pauline.K, Boycen.K (2011). The Theory and Practice of Ecotourism In Southern Africa. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism. 2, 14-21
Stronza, A. (2005). Host and Host: Anthropology of Community-Based Ecotourism In The Peruvian Amazon. National Association For The Practice of Anthropology Bulletin. 23, 170-190.
Toshiki Sato, Chem Wern Hong, Masazumi AO, Badaruddin Mohamed & Ngai Weng Chan Sahazali (2013). Kajian Perbandingan Isu dan Cabaran Ekopelancongan di Teman Negara Pulau Pinag dan Taman Kinabalu, Malaysia. Pascasidang Seminar Serantau ke-2 Pengurusan dan Persekitaran di Alam Melayu 3, 589-595.
Tourism Malaysia (2018). Statistics Of Tourist Arrivals. Dari from www.tourism.gov.my. Diakses pada 12 Julai 2019.
Walter, Pierre (2011). Gender Analysis in Community-based Ecotourism. Tourism Recreation Research. 36, 159-168.
Wearing, S. & Neil, J. (2009). Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities? (Second Edition). Elsevier Ltd, Oxford.
Weaver, D. (2001). Ecotourism. John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.
Wilkinson, P & Pratiwi,W (1995). Gender and tourism in an Indonesian village. Annals of Tourism Research. 22, 283-99.
Published
2019-10-22
How to Cite
Narwan, K. and Mulia, D. S. (2019) “Impak Ekopelancongan Terhadap Pemerkasaan Wanita, Kesaksamaan Gender dan Pembangunan Komuniti”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 4(6), pp. 139 - 151. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v4i6.285.
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