Analisis Konseptual Pemilihan Topik Sembang Santai dalam Budaya Berbeza
Abstract
Kertas konsep ini akan membincangkan tentang pemilihan topik dan topik tabu dalam komunikasi sembang santai merentas budaya berbeza. Sembang santai atau small talk merupakan satu bentuk komunikasi yang tidak memfokuskan kepada inti pati perbualan dan tidak bertujuan untuk menyampaikan maklumat. Sebaliknya, ia berfungsi untuk mengeratkan hubungan sosial dan meningkatkan kemesraan antara dua pihak yang berinteraksi. Pemilihan topik sembang santai dalam konteks budaya yang pelbagai yang difahami dengan baik adalah penting untuk melancarkan proses komunikasi tanpa berlakunya perlanggaran norma etika, salah faham dan dapat memupuk komunikasi silang budaya yang berjaya. Perbincangan tentang sembang santai dalam kertas konsep ini adalah berlandaskan beberapa teori seperti Teori Komunikasi Fatik Malinowski (1923) yang menyatakan setiap ungkapan yang dituturkan tanpa penyampaian sebarang maklumat, dan dituturkan semata-mata untuk bersosial dianggap sebagai sembang santai. Manakala perbincangan tentang pemilihan topik sembang santai pula berdasarkan Teori Topik Standard Aitchison (1996) yang menjelaskan sembang santai lazimnya berunsurkan topik-topik standard yang tidak sensitif. Pengkategorian topik sembang santai pula akan dibincangkan melalui Model Bulatan Sepusat Pemilihan Topik Sembang Santai Schneider (1987) yang mengemukakan tiga kategori topik sembang santai iaitu situasi spontan, situasi luaran dan situasi komunikasi. Selain faktor budaya, kajian ini juga mendapati faktor kontekstual, jarak sosial dan latar belakang sosial turut mempengaruhi pemilihan topik sembang santai dan topik tabu. Secara keseluruhan, topik sembang santai dan topik tabu dalam budaya berbeza mempunyai persamaan dan perbezaan dan sangat berkait rapat dan berakar umbi dalam norma dan nilai budaya sesuatu masyarakat.
Downloads
References
Abdullah Al-Awaid, S. A., & Aziz Mohammed, A. S. (2024). Saudi phatic communication in translation: A cultural and linguistic perspective. World Journal of English Language, 14(3), 490–495. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n3p490
Adisti, N. I., Salliyanti, & Sembiring, S. (2024). Penggunaan kategori fatis pada masyarakat Minangkabau di Pasar Sukaramai, Medan: Kajian sosiolinguistik. Journal of Science and Social Research, 7(2), 416–422. http://jurnal.goretanpena.com/index.php/JSSR
Aitchison, J. (1996). The seeds of speech language origin and evolution. Cambridge University Press.
Al-Ali, M. N., & Abu-Abah, R. N. (2021). The functional components of telephone conversation opening phase in Jordanian Arabic. Pragmatics, 31(1), 6–32. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.19034.ala
Al-riyahi, A. P. A. A. (2022). Greetings in Iraqi Arabic: An auditory study. Tasnim International Journal for Human, Social and Legal Sciences, 1(1), 220---240.
Alek, & Abdullah, U. (2023). Linguistic diversity and communication dynamics : An in- depth study of phatic expressions in Bima. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 13(2), 358–367. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v13i2.63097
Alexe, M., & Savu, E. (2016). Small Talk as a sign of cultural differences. Proceedings of University of Ruse, 55, 44–47.
Altabaa, H., & Fadzir, F. A. (2022). Malay linguistic taboos: A study on social acceptance and gender differences. Academic Biannual Refereed Journal, 6(2), 371–401.
Arshad, M., Bashir, A., & Khalid, M. (2023). An analysis of the use of various functions of language in Zia Mohyeddin’s speech. Harf-o-Sukhan, 7(4), 216–223.
Archer, D., Lansley, C., & Garner, A. (2020). Keeping airports safe: The value of small talk. Politeness in Professuinal Contexts. John Benjamins
Azima, N. S., Furnamasari, Y. F., & Dewi, D. A. (2021). Pengaruh masuknya budaya asing terhadap nasionalisme bangsa Indonesia di era globalisasi. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 5(3), 7491–7496.
Azzahra, H., Hasanah, R. D., & Nazwa, S. (2023). Budaya dan perkembangan Kota Medan dalam perspektif sejarah. GARUDA : Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Dan Filsafat, 1(2), 66–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59581/jpkf-widyakarya.v1i2.328
Barrick, M. R., Swider, B. W., & Stewart, G. L. (2010). Initial Evaluations in the Interview: Relationships with Subsequent Interviewer Evaluations and Employment Offers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 1163–1172. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019918
Bechberger, L. (2016). Personalized News Event Retrieval for Small Talk in Social Dialog Systems. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
Bickmore, T., & Cassell, J. (1999). Small talk and conversational storytelling in embodied conversational interface agents. In AAAI Fall Symposium on Narrative Intelligence. 87-92.
Budiawati, S. (2021). An Analysis of Phatic Communion With Socio-Pragmatics Approach Used by The Characters in Little Women Movie. Universitas Islam Riau.
Bunda, S. P., Hermandra, & Sinaga, M. (2022). Bentuk dan fungsi fatis dalam bahasa Melayu Riau Dialek Kuantan Singingi. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 6(1), 2478–2484.
Cendriono, N., & Sudaryanto. (2023). Kategori fatis dan ungkapan sapaan bahasa Indonesia dalam teks pidato Presiden Jokowi. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 12(2), 135–143.
Chehimi, G. M. (2021). Chatting online: An assessment of bilingualism and the social contexts of language in Lebanon. English Linguistics Research, 10(3), 8–40. https://doi.org/10.5430/elr.v10n3p8
Chen, H., & Zhang, X. (2021). Diachronic changes of Chinese phatic communion and its change tendency: Phatic communion used in Chinese TV plays and films. Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences, 7(3), 62–66. https://doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2021.v07i03.002
Dai, C. (2021). The influence of the main taboo customs differences between Tibetan nationality and English speaking countries on intercultural communication. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 588, 268–272. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211025.044
Degmečić, T. (2021). Taboo topics in the classroom. University of Zagreb.
Djawa, A., & Djuli, L. (2024). Makian dalam bahasa (dialek) Melayu Kupang. Jurnal Lazuardi, 7(1), 40–48. http://ejurnal-pendidikanbahasaundana.com
Driessen, H., & Jansen, W. (2013). The hard work of small talk in ethnographic fieldwork. Journal of Anthropological Research, 69(2), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.3998/jar.0521004.0069.205
Dwiningtyas, N. M. R. A., Krisnawati, N. L. P., & Malini, N. L. N. S. (2023). Speech functions analysis used by the main character in “Over the Moon” Movie (2020). KLAUSA (Kajian Linguistik, Pembelajaran Bahasa, Dan Sastra), 7(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.33479/klausa.v7i1.713
El-Sakran, T., & El-Sakran, O. (2021). The Case of Culturally Sensitive Topics in the English Language Classrooms: Secondary School Teachers’ Perspective. Journal of English as an International Language, 16(1), 37–59.
Eldin, K. T. (2023). What is your color? A study of Najdi Bedouin greetings. Asiatic, 17(2), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.31436/asiatic.v17i2.2994
Emidar. (2022). Problems of Cross-Cultural Communication for BIPA Program Students at Universitas Negeri Padang. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language, Literature, and Education (ICLLE-5 2022), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-85-5_25
Endrass, B., Rehm, M., & André, E. (2011). Planning Small Talk behavior with cultural influences for multiagent systems. Computer Speech and Language, 25(2), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2010.04.001
Ezeh, N. G., & Obiwulu, A. C. (2023). the Role of Dressing and Phatic Communion As Means of Cultural Expression in Nigeria. International Journal of the Arts and Sciences, 5(1), 66–85. https://imtijotas.org.ng/index.php/about/article/view/5%0Ahttps://imtijotas.org.ng/index.php/about/article/download/5/11
Fadhil, Z. A. (2022). The Function of Phatic Communication in the English Language. English Language, Literature & Culture, 7(2), 62–65. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ellc.20220702.13
Febiyana, A., & Turistiati, A. T. (2019). Komunikasi antarabudaya dalam masyakarat multikultur (studi kasus pada karyawan warga negara Jepang dan Indonesia di PT. Tokyu Land Indonesia). LUGAS Jurnal Komunikasi, 3(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.31334/ljk.v3i1.414
Gao, Y. (2022). Discussion on Intercultural Communication from the Differences between Chinese and Western Concepts of Face. Open Access Library Journal, 09(09), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109244
Garner, A. M., & Sharma, B. K. (2022). The Social, Intercultural, and Transactional Nature of Small Talk in the Second Language Classroom. TESOL Communications, 1(2), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.46451/tc.20220202
Gobert, M. (2014). Taboo topics in the ESL Classroom in the Gulf Region. In R. Raddawi (Ed.), Intercultural Communication with Arabs (pp. 109–126). Springer.
Graham-Wisener, L., Nelson, A., Byrne, A., Islam, I., Harrison, C., Geddis, J., & Berry, E. (2022). Understanding public attitudes to death talk and advance care planning in Northern Ireland using health behaviour change theory: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13319-1
Hahn, M., & Molinsky, A. (2024). How to Make Small Talk with Anyone from Anywhere. Harvard Business Review Home.
Hairil, Suhaeb, F. W., & Ismail, A. (2023). Identitas budaya di era globalisasi. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan (JISIP), 7(3), 2598–9944. https://doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v7i1.5240/http
Halomoan, H. S. (2022). Analysis of Phatic Expressions Using Greetings & Salutations In English. E-LinguaTera, 2(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.31253/lt.v2i1.1295
Harahap, C. (2020). Cultural Phatic Communication Expression in the Movie Entitled Toba Dreams. University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan.
Harun, H., & Rahman, N. A. A. (2005). Politeness Strategies in Malay and English : Expressions. Ulum Islamiyyah The Malaysian Journal of Islamic Sciences, 4(1), 111–130.
Hassan, H., Yusoff, R., & Sahar, N. S. (2021). Pengetahuan bersama tentang tabu dalam masyarakat silang budaya sebagai jaminan kesantunan berbahasa. Jurnal Melayu Sedunia, 4(1), 42–74.
Hendal, B. A. (2021). Translation of taboos: A case study on translating the f-word into Arabic. Journal of Research in Language & Translation, 1(1), 47–65.
Hermansson, M., & Larsson, S. (2019). Beyond Small Talk: The Important of Informal Communication for Management Consultants When Integrating Knowledge in Projects. Linkoping University.
Hinkel, E. (1994). Topic Appropriateness in Cross-Cultural Social Conversations. Pragmatic and Language Learning, 5(Monograph Series).
Hoài, H. T. T., Linh, N. T., & Hà, N. T. H. (2019). A Case Study of Intercultural Communication: Small Talk At Different Stages of Relationship Between a Vietnamese and an American. TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 225(03), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.2020.03.1782
Ilmi, A. B. I. (2021). Phatic communion in the daily conversation of indonesian and australian students: a cross-cultural pragmatic perspective thesis. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.
Isbister, K., Nakanishi, H., Ishida, T., & Nass, C. (2000). Helper agent: Designing an assistant for human-human interaction in a virtual meeting space. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1145/332040.332407
Ismail, I. R., Noh, C. H. C., & Omar, K. (2016). Knowing the Taboos, Improve Intercultural Communication: A Study at Terengganu, East Coast of Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.04.057
Ismatullaeva, I. I., Filimonova, L. Y., & Rustamovich, A. O. (2022). Sociolinguistics and its development as an independent science. Academic Research in Educational Sciences, 3(10), 9-.
Jdetawy, L. F. (2019). A sociolinguistic view of euphemism in Arabic and English: A comparative study. International Journal of Development Research, 09(10), 30833–30846.
Jeng, A., Bosch, N., & Perry, M. (2024). Phatic expressions influence perceived helpfulness in online peer help-giving: A mixed methods study. Learning and Instruction, 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.101893
Jing, Y. (2020). The attitude of Chinese students towards discussing politics in front of non-Chinese. Annual Review of Education, Communication & Language Sciences, 17, 23–59.
Joseph, B., Kearney, K. B., Brady, M. P., Downey, A., & Torres, A. (2021). Teaching small talk: Increasing on-topic conversational exchanges in college students with intellectual and developmental disabilities using remote audio coaching. Behavior Modification, 45(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445520975174
Katemba, C. V. (2016). Small talk among the Indonesians in three different countries: America, Indonesia, Philippines. Acuity : Journal of English Language Pedagogy, Literature and Culture, 1(2), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.35974/acuity.v1i2.606
Kellermann, K., & Palomares, N. A. (2004). Topical profiling emergent, co-occurring, and relationally defining topics in talk. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 23(3), 308–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X04266811
Li, M., Hickman, L., Tay, L., Ungar, L., & Guntuku, S. C. (2020). Studying politeness across cultures using English Twitter and Mandarin Weibo. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 4(CSCW2). https://doi.org/10.1145/3415190
Li, Y., & Li, Y. (2019). Cultural differences in everyday conversation between the East and the West. 5th International Conference on Education Technology, Management and Humanities Science (ETMHS 2019), 1070–1073. https://doi.org/10.25236/etmhs.2019.230
Liddy, M., & Wahab, K. A. (2021). Tabu bahasa dalam aktiviti ekonomi masyarakat Iban di Sungai Passai, Sarawak. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 17(2), 375–388. https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2021-1702-29
Lin, M. H., Wu, C. Y., & Hsu, H. C. (2019). Exploring the experiences of cultural competence among clinical nurses in Taiwan. Applied Nursing Research, 45(261), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2018.11.001
Lu, J., Kaufmann, L., & Carter, C. R. (2019). Small talk, big impact – The influence of casual collegial advice on purchasing negotiations. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 25(5), 1478–4092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2019.100576
Lu, S. (1997). Intercultural Small Talk: An Ethnographic Analysis of Interactions Among Chinese and Americans [University of Maryland]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.050
Mahayana, M. A., Winaya, M. D., Suarjaya, A. A. G., & Saskara, I. G. S. H. (2022). Penggunaan ungkapan tabu di Desa Tenganan Pegringsingan Kajian sosio pragmatik. LINGUA, 19(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v19i2.763.orang
Maherani, V., & Yulianeta, Y. (2024). Uncovering cross cultural communication challenges: Understanding polite and impolite small talk in BIPA Immersion Programs in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Language, Literature, and Education (ICLLE-5 2024).
Malelak, D. M. (2024). Frasa fatis bahasa Melayu Kupang. Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa Dan Sastra, 10(3), 2520–2526.
Malinowski, B. (1923). The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Language. In The Meaning of Meaning (pp. 296–336). Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
Mas, I. G., Sareng, C. R., & Lalong, A. (2023). Phatic communication in the context of casual conversation of Sikka People in Wolomotong Village. Journal of Language and Literature, 11(1), 48–61.
Methot, J. R., Rosado-Solomon, E. H., Downes, P., & Gabriel, A. S. (2020). Office Chit-Chat as a Social Ritual: The Uplifting Yet Distracting Effects of Daily Small Talk at Work. Academy of Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.1474
Morsalin, A. Z. S., & Adnan, W. H. (2022). The usage of taboo words and euphemism among Malaysian students on social media: A comparative study. Journal of Media and Information Warfare, 15(1), 111–122.
Nabben, T., Weijs, J., & van Amsterdam, J. (2021). Problematic use of nitrous oxide by young Moroccan–Dutch adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115574
Niraula, N. B., Dulal, S., & Koirala, D. (2022). Linguistic taboos and euphemisms in Nepali. ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing, 21(6), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/3524111
Nurhayati, D. A. (2023). Toleransi budaya dalam masyarakat multikultur (Studi kasus peran masyarakat dalam menoleransipPendatang di Kota Serang). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Komunikasi, Administrasi Negara Dan Hukum, 1(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.30656/senaskah.v1i1.187
Perez, G. K., Salsman, J. M., Fladeboe, K., Kirchhoff, A. C., Park, E. R., & Rosenberg, A. R. (2020). Taboo topics in adolescent and young adult oncology: Strategies for managing challenging but important conversations central to adolescent and young adult cancer survivorship. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, 40, e171–e185. https://doi.org/10.1200/edbk_279787
Pesce, L. (2023). Teaching Small Talk and Speech Acts to Improve Pragmatic Skills of Hmong Americans. University of Wisconsin River Falls.
Pluszczyk, A. (2020). Socializing amongst students: An investigation of small talk phenomenon from the perspective of female university students. Linguistica Silesiana, 41, 197–227. https://doi.org/10.24425/linsi.2020.133272
Pramesti, P. D. M. Y., & Permadi, K. S. (2023). Interlanguage pragmatics of Japanese greetings by Indonesian learners (Case study in careworker class in Mirai Mandiri Singaraja). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Riset Bahasa Dan Pengajaran Bahasa, 5(1), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.31940/senarilip.v5i1.157-165
Purnamasari, D. (2019). A socio-pragmatic study of phatic utterance in The Secret Life of Pets Movie. English Language and Literature: Their Contemporary Roles Conference Book, 3, 132-138.
Puspitasari, L., Soepardjo, D., & Roni. (2024). Komunikasi fatik pada filem Good Doctor dalam kaitannya dengan tachiba. EDUKASIA: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 5(1), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v5i1.744
Rahardi, R. K. (2020). Pragmatic Meanings of Javanese Phatic Marker ‘Sampun’: Culture-Specific Pragmatic Perspective. RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 13(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v13i1.11227
Rahima, A., & Wahyuni, I. (2021). Bentuk fatis dalam wacana lisan percakapan keluarga pada masyarakat Melayu Jambi. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 21(3), 1465–1468. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i3.1778
Rahimi, E. (2019). A study of appropriacy of cultural conceptualizations of taboo topics in EFL classes. Konińskie Studia Językowe, 7(4), 495–514. https://doi.org/10.30438/ksj.2019.7.4.5
Ren, D., & Liu, Z. (2019). Chinese People’s Pragmatic Failure in English in Cross-cultural Communication. International Conference on Literature, Art and Human Developmeny, 303–310. https://doi.org/10.25236/iclahd.2019.063
Risdadi, S., Ramli, Fitriani, S. S., & Iskandar, D. (2023). Culture-specific properties of greeting in Acehnese and Turkish: A sociolinguistic study in conversational opening. Linguistik Indonesia, 41(2), 299–317. https://doi.org/10.26499/li.v41i2.415
Robles, J. S. (2017). Culture in conversation. In The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0118
Rosado-Solomon, E. H. (2019). The Big Effects of Small Talk in The Workplace. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
Rui, L. (2019). Studies on taboo customs in China and Western countries from the perspective of intercultural communication. Sino-US English Teaching, 16(3), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.17265/1539-8072/2019.03.004
Saleem, A., Saira, & Deeba, F. (2022). Relationship between language and culture: A study of communication styles and social identities of post- graduates in a university. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 6(2), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2022(6-ii)30
Sari, R. P. (2020). Kata-kata tabu dalam Novel Seperti Dendam, Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas Karya Eka Kurniawan: Tinjauan antropolinguistik. Bapala: Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 7(2).
Sasmita, R. W. (2022). A comparative study of topic selection schema in the first-time conversation between Japanese and Sundanese native speakers. JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang, 07(01), 1–9.
Schneider, K. P. (1988). Analysing phatic discourse. Hitzeroth.
Schneider, K. P. (1987). Topic selection in phatic communication. Multilingua, 6(3), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.1987.6.3.247
Shevchenko, I., Matiukhina, Y., & Drazdauskienė, M. L. (2021). The evolution of the English small talk: a cognitive-pragmatic analysis. Cognition, Communication, Discourse, 23, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.26565/2218-2926-2021-23-06
Simaremare, J. A., Sipayung, N., & Butar, B. B. (2023). Bentuk dan fungsi kategori fatis dalam Novel AlvaskaKarya Matcharay. Jurnal Ide Bahasa, 5(2), 295–302.
Siregar, I. (2021). Epistemological challenges against sociolinguistics. International Journal of Linguistics Studies, 1(2), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijls.2021.1.2.6
Stewart, G. L., Dustin, S. L., Barrick, M. R., & Darnold, T. C. (2008). Exploring the Handshake in Employment Interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1139–1146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1139
Sulaiman, M. Z., & Wilson, R. (2018). Translating adventure tourism: From action to relaxation. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 18(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2018-1803-01
Sverdlova, N. A., & Meishan, P. (2020). Socioliguistic competence of Russian-Chinese bilinguals: Features of the formation. Russian Linguistic Bulletin, 2(22), 124–127.
Szerszunowicz, J. (2011). A Comparative Analysis of Small Talk in English and Polish. In L. N. Berlin (Ed.), Theoretical Approaches to Dialogue Analysis: Selected Papers from The IADA Chicago 2004 Conference (pp. 39–48). Walter de Gruyter.
Tamimi Sa’d, S. H. (2017). A sociolinguistic analysis of taboos and euphemisms in an Arab community in Iran. Dialectologia, 18, 107–127. https://doi.org/10.1344/dialectologia2016.18.6
Tamimi Sa’d, S. H. (2019). Examining the dynamics of interaction in an Arab speech community in Iran: A sociolinguistic ethnography. Dialectologia, 23(23), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1344/dialectologia2019.23.9
Tampubolon, S., Sipayung, K., & Manullang, U. S. (2023). An analysis of phatic communication employed of the character of Will and Louise in movie entitle Me Before You. Journal of Language Education, 1(1), 89–95. https://merwinspy.org/journal/index.php/jole/article/view/67%0Ahttps://merwinspy.org/journal/index.php/jole/article/download/67/45
Tan, A. (2022). A contrastive study of English and Chinese taboos. Language and Literature, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.23977/langl.2022.050604
Tekin, M. (2011). Discussing the unspeakable: A study of the use of taboo topics in EFL speaking classes. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 7(1), 1304–9496. http://eku.comu.edu.tr/index/7/1/mtekin.pdf
Thamrin, T., & Gani, M. H. (2020). Cultural Value in Phatic Communication of Minangkabau Society. Jurnal Kata, 4(1), 155. https://doi.org/10.22216/kata.v4i1.5272
Timina, S. A., & Butler, N. L. (2011). Uncomfortable Topics and Their Appropriateness in Asian EFL Classes. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED515120.pdf
Trihartanti, R. P., & Septian, S. J. (2021). The Role of Adjacency Pairs to Create Politeness Strategies in Students’ Phatic Utterances. Register Journal, 14(2), 243–262. https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v14i2.243-262
Vanyan, A. (2017). Small Talk in English and Armenian. Armenian Folia Anglistika, 17(1–2), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.46991/afa/2017.13.1-2.059
Wahab, I., Astri, Z., Tanasy, N., & Fachrunnisa, N. (2021). A conversation analysis : The use of small talk. Scope of English Teaching, Literature and Linguistics, 4(1), 53–62. https://ejournals.umma.ac.id/index.php/seltics
Wibisono, B., Haryono, A., & Fadlil, F. M. (2022). The use of honorifics in Islamic boarding schools as a form of maintaining a culture of courtesy. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 9(04), 6952–6967. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v9i04.08
Widiana, Y., Sumarlam, S., Marmanto, S., Purnanto, D., & Sulaiman, M. Z. (2020). Intrusive busybody or benevolent buddy: Phatic communication among javanese women. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2020-2002-03
Wiyanto, M. S., & Juliani, N. S. (2023). Phatic communication of teacher students in English Foreign Language Classroom. English Language Teaching and Technology, 73–83. https://proceeding.unpkediri.ac.id/index.php/eltt/article/view/4151%0Ahttps://proceeding.unpkediri.ac.id/index.php/eltt/article/download/4151/2966
Wójtowicz, B. (2021). Cultural Norms of Greetings in the African Context. Roczniki Humanistyczne, 69(6), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.18290/rh21696-10
Yang, H. (2021). The cultural differences in etiquette and customs between China and Britain in nonverbal communication. Region - Educational Research and Reviews, 3(3), 7. https://doi.org/10.32629/rerr.v3i3.400
Yating, W. (2022). A comparative study of communication styles between China and America. Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 5(5), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.25236/ajhss.2022.050514
Ying, J., & Ren, W. (2022). Advanced learners’ responses to Chinese greetings in study abroad. In IRAL – International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 60(4), 1173-1199. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2020-0150
Zhang, Q., & Liu, Q. (2020). A Study of the Differences between Chinese and Western Cultures from the Perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension Theory. East African Scholars Journal of Education, Humanities and Literature, 3(4), 125–128. https://doi.org/10.36349/EASJEHL.2020.v03i04.006
Zuriah, S. (2020). Functional Varieties of Phatic Utterances in Medan. University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara.
