Overview on Psychological and Social Consequences of War
Keywords:
war, susceptible groups, displaced people, mental health, social issue
Abstract
The current data for this review about war association with mental health and social issues have been collected by using the web of science, The National Center for Biotechnology Information (PubMed) and Google Scholar. War leads to physical, social, economical and mental health losses all the times. Among them, mental illness and social issue are the major causes facing the people in the war-affected zone. The review describes about the group majorly exposed to post-war traumatic problems and the destruction of social values. The study is helpful to provide a roadmap for the future research especially to overcome on the post consequences of war in order to avoid any further complications in human and society.
Key words: War, susceptible groups, displaced people, mental health and social issue
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References
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Cardozo BL, Bilukha OO, and Gotway Craw- ford CA. (2004). Mental health, social function- ing, and disability in postwar Afghanistan. JAMA 292:575-84.
Catherine P, Mark E, Viani G, and Sarah S. (2009). Violence, suffering, and mental health in Afghanistan: a school-based survey. Lancet 374(9692): 807–816.
Comellas RM, Makhashvili N, Chikovani I, Patel V, McKee M, and Bisson J. (2015). Patterns of somatic distress among conflict-affected persons in the Republic of Georgia. J Psychosom 78:466–71.
de Jong J, Komproe IH, van Ommeren M, El Masri M, Araya M, Khaled N, Put W van der, and Somasundram D. (2001). Lifetime events and post-traumatic stress disorder in 4 post conflicts settings. JAMA 86:555-562.
Elhabiby MM, Radwan DN, Okasha TA, and El-Desouky ED. (2015). Psychiatric disorders among a sample of internally displaced persons in South Darfur. International journal of social Psychiatry 61:358–62.
Ezard N. (2012). Substance use among populations displaced by conflict: a literature review. Disasters 36:533–57.
FATA research Centre report (2013). The social and psychological consequences of war.
FATA research Centre. (2013). Pakistan report.
Feyera F, Mihretie G, Bedaso A, Gedle D, and Kumera G. (2015). Prevalence of depression and associated factors among Somali refugee at Melkadida camp, Southeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 15:171.
Georgiadou E, Zbidat A, Schmitt GM and Erim Y. (2018). Prevalence of Mental Distress among Syrian Refugees with Residence Permission in Germany: A Registry-Based Study. Front. Psychiatry 9:393.
Hall BJ, Olff M. (2016). Global mental health: trauma and adversity among populations in transition. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.31140
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Javier Iribarren, Paolo Prolo, Negoita Neagos and Francesco Chiappellib. (2005). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence-Based Research for the Third Millennium. eCAM 2(4):503–512.
Jensen SP and Jon S. (1993). Children as Victims of War: Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs, J. Am. Acad.. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 4:697-708.
John M and Timothy H. (1991). The social impacts of war. Annual Review of Sociology. 17:205-24.
Jon D.P, Maiss A, Lina F, and Ghassan S. (2018). Mental health in Syrian children with a focus on post-traumatic stress: a cross-sectional study from Syrian schools. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 53 (11):1231–1239
Jong K, Ford N, van de Kam S, Lokuge K, Fromm S, van Galen R, Reilley B, and Kleber R. (2008). Conflict in the Indian Kashmir Valley I: Exposure to Violence. Confl Health 2(1):10.
Jong K, Saskia K, Nathan F, Kamalini L, Silke F, Renate G, Brigg R, Rolf K. (2008b). Conflict in the Indian Kashmir Valley II: psychosocial impact. Conflict and Health 2:11.
Kastrup M. (2006). Mental health consequences of war: gender specific issues
Lopes Cardoso B, Bilukha OO, Gotway Crawford CA, Shaikh I, Wolfe MI, Mitchell I, Gerber ML, and Anderson M. (2004). Mental health, social functioning, and disability in post-war Afghanistan. JAMA 292:575-584.
Makhashvili N, Chikovani I, McKee M, Bisson J, Patel V, and Roberts B. (2014). Mental disorders and their association with disability among internally displaced persons and returnees in Georgia. J Trauma Stress 27:509–18.
Morina N, Akhtar A, Barth J and Schnyder U. (2018). Psychiatric Disorders in Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons after Forced Displacement: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychiatry 9:433.
Morina N, Akhtar A, Barth J and Schnyder U. (2018). Psychiatric Disorders in Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons after Forced Displacement: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychiatry 9:433.
Murthy SR and Lakshminarayana R. (2006). Mental health consequences of war: a brief review of research findings. World Psychiatry 5(1): 25–30.
Naja WJ, Aoun MP, El Khoury EL, Abdallah FJ, and Haddad RS (2016). Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the influence of religiosity. Compr Psychiatry 68:78–85.
Owoaje ET, Uchendu OC, Ajayi TO, and Cadmus EO. (2016). A review of the health problems of the internally displaced persons in Africa. Niger Postgrad Med J 23:161-71.
Pakistan 2009 to 2011, ISSRA Papers.
Patel V, Flisher AJ, Hetrick S, and McGorry P. (2007). Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge. Lancet 369:1302–1313
Peltzer K. (1999). Trauma and mental health problems of Sudanese refugees in Uganda. Centr Afr J Med 45:110–4.
Pynoos R, Frederick C and Nader K. (1987). Life threat and post-traumatic stress in school age children. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44:1057-1063.
Roberts B, Damundu EY, Lomoro O, and Sondorp E. (2009). Post-conflict mental health needs: a cross-sectional survey of trauma, depression and associated factors in Juba, Southern Sudan. BMC Psychiatry 9:7.
Roberts B, Felix O.K, Browne J, Oyok T, and Sondorp E. (2011). Alcohol disorder amongst forcibly displaced persons in northern Uganda. Addict Behav 36:870–3.
Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, and Waldman R. (2004). Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade. Lancet 364:1801–13.
Save the Children. (2017). Invisible Wounds: The Impact of Six Years of War on the Mental Health of Syria’s Children. London: Save the Children.
Scholte WF, Olff M, and Ventevogel P. (2004). Mental health symptoms following war and repression in Eastern Afghanistan. JAMA 292:585-93.
Sparrow, A. (2014). Syria’s polio epidemic: the suppressed truth. The New York Review of Books.
Steel Z, Chey T, Silove D, Marnane C, Bryant RA, and van Ommeren M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 302:537–49.
Stein A.A and Bruce M.R. (1980). Evaluating War: Outcomes and Consequences. In Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research, pp. 399–422.
Tang SS, Fox SH. (2001). Traumatic experiences and the mental health of Senegalese refugees. J Nerv Ment Dis 189:507-12.
Tariq K. (2013). The Social, Political and Economic Effects of the War on Terror:
Thapa SB, Hauff E. (2005). Psychological distress among displaced persons during an armed conflict in Nepal. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40:672–9.
Theresa SB and Kashif TK. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. Int Rev Psychiatry 20(3): 317–328.
Tol WA, Barbui C, Galappatti A, Silove D, Betancourt TS, and Souza R. (2011). Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research. Lancet 378:1581–91.
Tolin DF, Foa EB. (2006). Sex Differences in Trauma and Posttrau- matic Stress Disorder: A Quantitative Review of 25 Years of Research. Psychological Bulletin 132:959-992
Tolin DF and Foa EB. (2006). Sex Differences in Trauma and Posttrau- matic Stress Disorder: A Quantitative Review of 25 Years of Research. Psychological Bulletin 132:959-992.
Turner S (2015). Refugee blues: a UK and European perspective. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 6:29328.
Umbreen Javaid. (2011). “War on terror: Pakistan’s apprehensions” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 5(3): 125-131.
UNHCR. Global trends UNHCR (2016). Available online at: http://www. unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf (Accessed December 20, 2016).
UNICEF. State of the world's children (2006). New York: UNICEF; 2006.
Van de Put W. (2002). Addressing mental health in Afghanistan. Lancet 360:s41–s42
Vukovic IS, Jovanovic N, Kolaric B, Vidovic V, and Mollica RF. (2014). Psychological and somatic health problems in Bosnian refugees: a three year follow-up. Psychiatr Danub. 26(Suppl. 3):442–9.
WHO and Gender and women's mental health
World Bank group (2017). The toll of war, the economics and social consequences of the conflicts in Syria.
Zadeh KM and Sirati M. (2004). The effect of an individual, social, economical factor in severing the psychiatric symptoms of war-injured people of nerve and mind. Military medicine 16: 33-37.
Allansson M, Melander E, and Themnér L. (2017). Organized violence, 1989–2016. J Peace Res 54:574–87.
Allansson M, Melander E, Themnér L. (2017). Organized violence, 1989–2016. Journal of Peace Research. 54:574–87.
Alpak G, Unal A, Bulbul F, Sagaltici E, Bez Y, and Altindag A. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a cross-sectional study. International journal Psychiatry Clinical Practices 19:45–50.
Amin A. Muhammad Gadit. (2009). Terrorism, and Mental Health: The issue of psychological fragility. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 59(10): 0030-9982.
Baker, A. (2014). Why al-Qaeda Kicked Out Its Deadly Syria Franchise. Time Magazine.
Baker, A. M. (1990). The psychological impact of the Intifada on Palestinian children in the occupied West Bank and Gaza: an exploratory study. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 60:496-505.
Ben Taleb Z, Bahelah R, Fouad FM, Coutts A, Wilcox M, and Maziak W. (2015). Syria: health in a country undergoing tragic transition. Int J Public Health 60(Suppl 1):S63–S72
Cardozo BL, Bilukha OO, and Gotway Craw- ford CA. (2004). Mental health, social function- ing, and disability in postwar Afghanistan. JAMA 292:575-84.
Catherine P, Mark E, Viani G, and Sarah S. (2009). Violence, suffering, and mental health in Afghanistan: a school-based survey. Lancet 374(9692): 807–816.
Comellas RM, Makhashvili N, Chikovani I, Patel V, McKee M, and Bisson J. (2015). Patterns of somatic distress among conflict-affected persons in the Republic of Georgia. J Psychosom 78:466–71.
de Jong J, Komproe IH, van Ommeren M, El Masri M, Araya M, Khaled N, Put W van der, and Somasundram D. (2001). Lifetime events and post-traumatic stress disorder in 4 post conflicts settings. JAMA 86:555-562.
Elhabiby MM, Radwan DN, Okasha TA, and El-Desouky ED. (2015). Psychiatric disorders among a sample of internally displaced persons in South Darfur. International journal of social Psychiatry 61:358–62.
Ezard N. (2012). Substance use among populations displaced by conflict: a literature review. Disasters 36:533–57.
FATA research Centre report (2013). The social and psychological consequences of war.
FATA research Centre. (2013). Pakistan report.
Feyera F, Mihretie G, Bedaso A, Gedle D, and Kumera G. (2015). Prevalence of depression and associated factors among Somali refugee at Melkadida camp, Southeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 15:171.
Georgiadou E, Zbidat A, Schmitt GM and Erim Y. (2018). Prevalence of Mental Distress among Syrian Refugees with Residence Permission in Germany: A Registry-Based Study. Front. Psychiatry 9:393.
Hall BJ, Olff M. (2016). Global mental health: trauma and adversity among populations in transition. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.31140
IDCP. Global Overview (2014). People Internally Displaced by Conflict and Violence (2015).
IDCP. Global Overview (2014). People Internally Displaced by Conflict and Violence (2017).
IDCP. Global Overview (2016). People Internally Displaced by Conflict and Violence (2017).
Javier I, Paolo P, Negoita N, and Francesco C. (2008). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence-Based Research for the Third Millennium. eCAM 2005;2(4)503–512
Javier Iribarren, Paolo Prolo, Negoita Neagos and Francesco Chiappellib. (2005). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence-Based Research for the Third Millennium. eCAM 2(4):503–512.
Jensen SP and Jon S. (1993). Children as Victims of War: Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs, J. Am. Acad.. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 4:697-708.
John M and Timothy H. (1991). The social impacts of war. Annual Review of Sociology. 17:205-24.
Jon D.P, Maiss A, Lina F, and Ghassan S. (2018). Mental health in Syrian children with a focus on post-traumatic stress: a cross-sectional study from Syrian schools. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 53 (11):1231–1239
Jong K, Ford N, van de Kam S, Lokuge K, Fromm S, van Galen R, Reilley B, and Kleber R. (2008). Conflict in the Indian Kashmir Valley I: Exposure to Violence. Confl Health 2(1):10.
Jong K, Saskia K, Nathan F, Kamalini L, Silke F, Renate G, Brigg R, Rolf K. (2008b). Conflict in the Indian Kashmir Valley II: psychosocial impact. Conflict and Health 2:11.
Kastrup M. (2006). Mental health consequences of war: gender specific issues
Lopes Cardoso B, Bilukha OO, Gotway Crawford CA, Shaikh I, Wolfe MI, Mitchell I, Gerber ML, and Anderson M. (2004). Mental health, social functioning, and disability in post-war Afghanistan. JAMA 292:575-584.
Makhashvili N, Chikovani I, McKee M, Bisson J, Patel V, and Roberts B. (2014). Mental disorders and their association with disability among internally displaced persons and returnees in Georgia. J Trauma Stress 27:509–18.
Morina N, Akhtar A, Barth J and Schnyder U. (2018). Psychiatric Disorders in Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons after Forced Displacement: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychiatry 9:433.
Morina N, Akhtar A, Barth J and Schnyder U. (2018). Psychiatric Disorders in Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons after Forced Displacement: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychiatry 9:433.
Murthy SR and Lakshminarayana R. (2006). Mental health consequences of war: a brief review of research findings. World Psychiatry 5(1): 25–30.
Naja WJ, Aoun MP, El Khoury EL, Abdallah FJ, and Haddad RS (2016). Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the influence of religiosity. Compr Psychiatry 68:78–85.
Owoaje ET, Uchendu OC, Ajayi TO, and Cadmus EO. (2016). A review of the health problems of the internally displaced persons in Africa. Niger Postgrad Med J 23:161-71.
Pakistan 2009 to 2011, ISSRA Papers.
Patel V, Flisher AJ, Hetrick S, and McGorry P. (2007). Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge. Lancet 369:1302–1313
Peltzer K. (1999). Trauma and mental health problems of Sudanese refugees in Uganda. Centr Afr J Med 45:110–4.
Pynoos R, Frederick C and Nader K. (1987). Life threat and post-traumatic stress in school age children. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44:1057-1063.
Roberts B, Damundu EY, Lomoro O, and Sondorp E. (2009). Post-conflict mental health needs: a cross-sectional survey of trauma, depression and associated factors in Juba, Southern Sudan. BMC Psychiatry 9:7.
Roberts B, Felix O.K, Browne J, Oyok T, and Sondorp E. (2011). Alcohol disorder amongst forcibly displaced persons in northern Uganda. Addict Behav 36:870–3.
Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, and Waldman R. (2004). Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade. Lancet 364:1801–13.
Save the Children. (2017). Invisible Wounds: The Impact of Six Years of War on the Mental Health of Syria’s Children. London: Save the Children.
Scholte WF, Olff M, and Ventevogel P. (2004). Mental health symptoms following war and repression in Eastern Afghanistan. JAMA 292:585-93.
Sparrow, A. (2014). Syria’s polio epidemic: the suppressed truth. The New York Review of Books.
Steel Z, Chey T, Silove D, Marnane C, Bryant RA, and van Ommeren M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 302:537–49.
Stein A.A and Bruce M.R. (1980). Evaluating War: Outcomes and Consequences. In Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research, pp. 399–422.
Tang SS, Fox SH. (2001). Traumatic experiences and the mental health of Senegalese refugees. J Nerv Ment Dis 189:507-12.
Tariq K. (2013). The Social, Political and Economic Effects of the War on Terror:
Thapa SB, Hauff E. (2005). Psychological distress among displaced persons during an armed conflict in Nepal. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40:672–9.
Theresa SB and Kashif TK. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. Int Rev Psychiatry 20(3): 317–328.
Tol WA, Barbui C, Galappatti A, Silove D, Betancourt TS, and Souza R. (2011). Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research. Lancet 378:1581–91.
Tolin DF, Foa EB. (2006). Sex Differences in Trauma and Posttrau- matic Stress Disorder: A Quantitative Review of 25 Years of Research. Psychological Bulletin 132:959-992
Tolin DF and Foa EB. (2006). Sex Differences in Trauma and Posttrau- matic Stress Disorder: A Quantitative Review of 25 Years of Research. Psychological Bulletin 132:959-992.
Turner S (2015). Refugee blues: a UK and European perspective. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 6:29328.
Umbreen Javaid. (2011). “War on terror: Pakistan’s apprehensions” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 5(3): 125-131.
UNHCR. Global trends UNHCR (2016). Available online at: http://www. unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf (Accessed December 20, 2016).
UNICEF. State of the world's children (2006). New York: UNICEF; 2006.
Van de Put W. (2002). Addressing mental health in Afghanistan. Lancet 360:s41–s42
Vukovic IS, Jovanovic N, Kolaric B, Vidovic V, and Mollica RF. (2014). Psychological and somatic health problems in Bosnian refugees: a three year follow-up. Psychiatr Danub. 26(Suppl. 3):442–9.
WHO and Gender and women's mental health
World Bank group (2017). The toll of war, the economics and social consequences of the conflicts in Syria.
Zadeh KM and Sirati M. (2004). The effect of an individual, social, economical factor in severing the psychiatric symptoms of war-injured people of nerve and mind. Military medicine 16: 33-37.
Published
2019-12-16
How to Cite
Kausar, S. and Guangxin, W. (2019) “Overview on Psychological and Social Consequences of War”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 4(8), pp. 11 - 19. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v4i8.317.
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