Fear of Missing Out as a Predictor of Repetitive Negative Thinking

  • Wayne Chan Department of Psychology, HELP University, 1, Persiaran Cakerawala, Subang Bestari, Seksyen U4, 40150, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8880-1676
  • Nurul Hidayah Mohamad Farok School of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, Wawasan Open University, 54, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 10050 George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-3209
  • Pei Ying Soo Hoo Department of Psychology, HELP University, 1, Persiaran Cakerawala, Subang Bestari, Seksyen U4, 40150, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7438-7737
Keywords: Fear of Missing Out, FoMO, Repetitive negative thinking, RNT, Malaysia

Abstract

When individuals are absent from positive social experiences, feelings of apprehension known as Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) may emerge. It may be often accompanied by repetitive negative thinking (RNT) as they persistently dwell on and feel anxious about the missing experiences. However, limited research has been conducted on the predictive relationship between them due to their current emerging state in the field of literature. Thus, this study aimed to examine FoMO as a positive predictor of RNT in Malaysia, an understudied collectivist culture that values interconnectedness. In this cross-sectional study, 80 Malaysian emerging adults aged between 18 and 25 were recruited, whereby they were required to answer the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs) and Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ). Using a simple linear regression analysis, the results found that FoMO significantly and positively predicted RNT. Hence, this study has advanced the scarce knowledge in this field of literature, urging educational institutes to introduce adaptive methods for emerging adults to reframe their FoMO experiences and eventually reduce RNT.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abel, J. P., Buff, C. L., & Burr, S. A. (2016). Social media and the fear of missing out: Scale development and assessment. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 14(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v14i1.9554

Abri, A. A. (2017). Where is the party tonight? The impact of fear of missing out on peer norms and alcohol expectancies and consumption among college students [Doctoral Dissertations, University of Connecticut Graduate School]. UConn Library. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1352

Almeida, F., Marques, D. R., & Gomes, A. A. (2022). A preliminary study on the association between social media at night and sleep quality: The relevance of FOMO, cognitive pre-sleep arousal, and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 64(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12880

Argan, M., & Argan, M. T. (2019). Toward a new understanding of FOMO: ‘Fomsumerism.’ Pazarlama Teorisi ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 5(2), 277–302. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337891354_Toward_a_New_Understanding_of_Fomo_'Fomsumerism'_Pazarlama_Teorisi_ve_Uygulamalari_Dergisi

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469

Bayın, Ü., Makas, S., Çelik, E., & Biçener, E. (2021). Examination of individuals’ level of fear of COVID-19, Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), and ruminative thought style. Education Quarterly Reviews, 4(2), 264–273. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.04.02.215

Brailovskaia, J., Stirnberg, J., Rozgonjuk, D., Margraf, J., & Elhai, J. D. (2021). From low sense of control to problematic smartphone use severity during Covid-19 outbreak: The mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of repetitive negative thinking. PLoS ONE, 16(12), Article e0261023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261023

Chan, K. K. S., Lee, J. C.-K., Yu, E. K. W., Chan, A. W. Y., Leung, A. N. M., Cheung, R. Y. M., Li, C. W., Kong, R. H.-M., Chen, J., Wan, S. L. Y., Tang, C. H. Y., Yum, Y. N., Jiang, D., Wang, L., & Tse, C. Y. (2022). The impact of compassion from others and self-compassion on psychological distress, flourishing, and meaning in life among university students. Mindfulness, 13(6), 1490–1498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01891-x

Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155

Dempsey, A. E., O’Brien, K. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., & Elhai, J. D. (2019). Fear of missing out (FoMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, Article 100150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100150

Devynck, F., Rousseau, A., & Romo, L. (2019). Does repetitive negative thinking influence alcohol use? A systematic review of the literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01482

Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192

Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., Schönfeld, S., & Ehlers, A. (2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(2), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.003

Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Alghraibeh, A. M., Alafnan, A. A., Aldraiweesh, A. A., & Hall, B. J. (2018). Fear of missing out: Testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.020

Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079

Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2020). Fear of missing out (FOMO): Overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870

Espinosa, F., Martin-Romero, N., & Sanchez-Lopez, A. (2022). Repetitive negative thinking processes account for gender differences in depression and anxiety during adolescence. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 15(2), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-022-00133-1

Faelens, L., Hoorelbeke, K., Soenens, B., Van Gaeveren, K., De Marez, L., De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2021). Social media use and well-being: A prospective experience-sampling study. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Article 106510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106510

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202

Field. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/discovering-statistics-using-ibm-spss-statistics/book257672

Fioravanti, G., Casale, S., Benucci, S. B., Prostamo, A., Falone, A., Ricca, V., & Rotella, F. (2021). Fear of missing out and social networking sites use and abuse: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 122, Article 106839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106839

Fitzgerald, H. E., Lubin, R. E., Duncan, T., Hiserodt, M., & Otto, M. W. (2023). Underscoring the F in FoMO: How does anxiety sensitivity contribute to fear of missing out? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 52(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2022.2131619

FitzGibbon, L., Komiya, A., & Murayama, K. (2021). The lure of counterfactual curiosity: People incur a cost to experience regret. Psychological Science, 32(2), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620963615

Funk, J., Kopf-Beck, J., Watkins, E., & Ehring, T. (2023). Does an app designed to reduce repetitive negative thinking decrease depression and anxiety in young people? (RETHINK): A randomized controlled prevention trial. Trials, 24(1), Article 295. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07295-z

GlobalWebIndex. (2018). FOMO: Fear of missing out on social media. https://www.gwi.com/reports/fomo

Hofstede, G. (1983). National cultures revisited. Behavior Science Research, 18(4), 285–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718301800403

Kwek, C. L., Yeow, K. S., Zhang, L., Keoy, K. H., & Japos, G. (2022). The determinants of fake news adaptation during COVID-19 pandemic: A social psychology approach. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 10(2), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2210.02.05

Lilly, K. J., Howard, C., Zubielevitch, E., & Sibley, C. G. (2023). Thinking twice: Examining gender differences in repetitive negative thinking across the adult lifespan. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1239112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1239112

Mazlum, M. M., & Atalay, A. (2022). Developing the fear of missing out (FoMO) scale for university students: The validity and reliability study. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 6(4), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202215485

Mennies, R. J., Stewart, L. C., & Olino, T. M. (2021). The relationship between executive functioning and repetitive negative thinking in youth: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 88, Article 102050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102050

Milyavskaya, M., Saffran, M., Hope, N., & Koestner, R. (2018). Fear of missing out: Prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO. Motivation and Emotion, 42(5), 725–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9683-5

Miniati, M., Busia, S., Conversano, C., Orrù, G., Ciacchini, R., Cosentino, V., Marazziti, D., Gemignani, A., & Palagini, L. (2023). Cognitive fusion, ruminative response style and depressive spectrum symptoms in a sample of university students. Life, 13, Article 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030803

Moore, K., & Craciun, G. (2021). Fear of missing out and personality as predictors of social networking sites usage: The Instagram case. Psychological Reports, 124(4), 1761–1787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120936184

Oberst, U., Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., Brand, M., & Chamarro, A. (2017). Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. Journal of Adolescence, 55(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.008

Porges, S. W. (2015). Making the world safe for our children: Down-regulating defence and up-regulating social engagement to ‘optimise’ the human experience. Children Australia, 40(2), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1017/cha.2015.12

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014

Rayniesha, M. R., & Mutang, J. A. (2022). Relationship between repetitive negative thinking, life satisfaction and mental health among Malaysian university students. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal, 10(1), 189–198. http://www.cseap.edu.my/sapj/index.php/journal/singleJournal/243

Reilly, E. E., Gordis, E. B., Boswell, J. F., Donahue, J. M., Emhoff, S. M., & Anderson, D. A. (2018). Evaluating the role of repetitive negative thinking in the maintenance of social appearance anxiety: An experimental manipulation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 102, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.01.001

Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2021). Individual differences in Fear of Missing Out (FoMO): Age, gender, and the Big Five personality trait domains, facets, and items. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, Article 110546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110546

Schwartz, S. J., & Petrova, M. (2019). Prevention science in emerging adulthood: A field coming of age. Prevention Science, 20(3), 305–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-019-0975-0

Scott, J. (2000). Rational choice theory. In G. Browning, A. Halcli, & F. Webster (Eds.), Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446218310

Taylor, M. M., & Snyder, H. R. (2021). Repetitive negative thinking shared across rumination and worry predicts symptoms of depression and anxiety. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 43(4), 904–915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-021-09898-9

Tutar, H., Çoban, D., & Awalluddin, M. (2022). Intercultural study of the fear of missing out, spiritual well-being and individual differences among university students in Malaysia and Turkey. ASR: Chiang Mai University Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 8(1), Article e2021004. https://doi.org/10.12982/CMUJASR.2021.004

Wegmann, E., Oberst, U., Stodt, B., & Brand, M. (2017). Online-specific fear of missing out and Internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of Internet-communication disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 5, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.04.001

Yang, C., Holden, S., & Ariati, J. (2021). Social media and psychological well-being among youth: The multidimensional model of social media use. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 24, 631–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00359-z

Zaman, U., Barnes, S. J., Abbasi, S., Anjam, M., Aktan, M., & Khwaja, M. G. (2022). The bridge at the end of the world: Linking expat’s pandemic fatigue, travel FOMO, destination crisis marketing, and vaxication for “Greatest of All Trips.” Sustainability, 14(4), Article 2312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042312

Zetsche, U., Bürkner, P.-C., & Schulze, L. (2018). Shedding light on the association between repetitive negative thinking and deficits in cognitive control–A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 63, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.001

Zhang, M. X., Yu, S. M., Demetrovics, Z., & Wu, A. M. S. (2023). Metacognitive beliefs and anxiety symptoms could serve as mediators between fear of missing out and gaming disorder in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 145, Article 107775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107775

Published
2025-03-19
How to Cite
Chan, W., Mohamad Farok, N. H. and Soo Hoo, P. Y. (2025) “Fear of Missing Out as a Predictor of Repetitive Negative Thinking”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 10(3), p. e003305. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v10i3.3305.
Section
Articles