Faktor Tingkah Laku Pelajar, Kekangan Masa, Beban Tugas Dan Tekanan Kerja Dalam Kalangan Guru
Keywords:
tekanan, tingkah laku pelajar, kekangan, beban tugas
Abstract
Tekanan kerja merujuk kepada tindak balas atau reaksi fisiologi dan psikologi terhadap situasi atau keadaan persekitaran organisasi yang dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor dalaman dan luaran sehingga mewujudkan rangsangan negatif terhadap tahap kesihatan dan tingkah laku individu. Kajian ini dijalankan adalah bagi menentukan hubungan faktor tingkah laku pelajar, kekangan masa, beban tugas dengan tekanan kerja guru yang mengajar di kawasan bandar dan luar bandar di Sabah. Kajian juga bertujuan bagi mengenal pasti perbezaan tahap tekanan kerja berdasarkan ciri demografi iaitu lokasi sekolah dan jantina guru. Seramai 350 orang guru telah dipilih bagi mewakili populasi dengan menggunakan kaedah pensampelan rawak berstrata dan rawak mudah. Instrumen kajian diadaptasi daripada Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI) yang dbina oleh Boyle, Borg, Falzon dan Baglioni (1995) dan Fimian (1988). Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kesemua faktor pemboleh ubah yang dinyatakan mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan tekanan kerja. Selain itu, dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan guru yang mengajar di kawasan bandar dan luar bandar masing-masing mengalami tahap tekanan kerja yang rendah, manakala guru perempuan dilihat lebih berisiko mengalami tahap tekanan kerja yang tinggi berbanding guru lelaki.
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References
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Harmsen, R., Helms-Lorenz, M., Maulana, R., & van Veen, K. (2018). The relationship between beginning teachers’ stress causes, stress responses, teaching behaviour and attrition. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1465404
Haryanti, Aini, F., & Purwaningsih, P. (2013). Hubungan Antara Beban Kerja Dengan Stres Kerja Perawat Di Instalasi Gawat Darurat Rsud Kabupaten Semarang. Jurnal Managemen Keperawatan, 1(1), 48-56
He, N., Zhao, J., & Archbold, C. A. (2002). Gender and police stress: The convergent and divergent impact of work environment, work-family conflict, and stress coping mechanisms of female and male police officers. Policing. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510210450631
Ho, I. T. (2004). A comparison of Australian and Chinese teachers’ attributions for student problem behaviors. Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341042000211706
Jaggil Apak & Muhamad Suhaimi Taat. (2018). Pengaruh Kesediaan Guru Terhadap Pengurusan Bilik Darjah Abad Ke-21. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 3(4), 6-22.
Kamaruddin, K. (2007). Tekanan Kerja di kalangan guru sekolah menengah. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 10(1), 105–118.
Kantas, A. (2001). Factors of stress and occupational burnout of teachers, in Vasilaki, E., Triliva, S. and Besevegis, kaiE. (Eds), Stress, Anxiety and Intervention, Ellinika Grammata, Athens, pp. 217-29.
Karaj, S., & Rapti, E. (2013). Teacher Job Stress in Albania: Examining the Role of Students’ Classroom Disruptive Behavior and other Factors in the School Context. Problems of Education in the 21st Century.
Kaur, S. (2011). Comparative Study of Occupational Stress among Teachers of Private and Govt. Schools in Relation to their Age, Gender and Teaching Experience. International Journal of Educational Planning & Administration. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361307078130
Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (1999). Research design: Purpose and principles. In Foundations of behavioral research.
Kerr, R. A., Kerr, R. A., Breen, J., Delaney, M., Kelly, C., & Miller, K. (2011). A Qualitative Study of Workplace Stress and Coping in Secondary Teachers in Ireland. Irish Journal of Applies Social Studies. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7G72Q
Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Teacher Gender, Years of Experience, and Job Stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 741–756. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019237
Kokkinos, C. M. (2007). Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709905X90344
Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher stress: Directions for future research. Educational Review. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00131910120033628
Lemaire, J. (2009). Addressing teacher workload. Education.
Mallow, M. S. (2016). Occupational Stress in Malaysia: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions. Proceedings of SOCIOINT 2016 3rd International Conference on Education, Social Sciences and Humanities.
Michie, S. (2002). Causes and management of stress at work. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.1.67
Muhamad Suhaimi Taat & Gladys De Rozario. (2014). The Influence of Academic Attitude and Self-Efficacy Towards Students Achievement in Private Higher Learning Institution, Malaysia. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 1, 41-50.
Mojoyinola, J. K. (2008). Effects of job stress on health, personal and work behaviour of nurses in public hospitals in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2008.11886326
Mondal, J., Shrestha, S., & Bhaila, A. (2011). School teachers: Job stress and job satisfaction, Kaski, Nepal. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 1, 27-33.
Navidinia. H., Heiran. A. (2017). Exploring the demographic and contextual factors influencing English language teachers’ burnout: Implications for teachers’ burnout. ASEAN Journal of Teaching & Learning in Higher Education.
Nur Izzaty, M., Azman, I., Mohamad Shahril Azwan, M. R., & Sholihien, A. (2015). Work stress and its relationship with workers’ health: An empirical study of a police contingent in Peninsular Malaysia. GEOGRAFIA Online Malaysian Journal of Society and Space.
Phillips, S., Sen, D., & McNamee, R. (2007). Prevalence and causes of self-reported work-related stress in head teachers. Occupational Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqm055
Raja Maria. (2011). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mendorong Tekanan Kerja ( Stres ) Di Kalangan Guru-Guru Sekolah Menengah Di Daerah Pasir Puteh. Master of Education Open University Malaysia 2011.
S., D., & Dawn O. P., S. . S. (2015). Stress in school teachers of a school in west bengal, India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry.
Samad, N. I. A., Hashim, Z., Moin, S., & Abdullah, H. (2011). Assessment of Stress and Its Risk Factors Among Primary School Teachers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000392452.76957.b9
Siva Vikaraman, S., Norhaini Mansor, A., & Izham Mohd Hamzah, M. (2018). Influence of Ethical Leadership Practices in Developing Trust in Leaders: a Pilot Study on Malaysian Secondary Schools. International Journal of Engineering & Technology. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.30.18348
Ummi Kalsom Zakaria (2014). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tekanan Kerja Dalam Kalangan Guru Sekolah Menengah Daerah Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman. Tesis Sarjana Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Van Dick, R., & Wagner, U. (2001). Stress and strain in teaching: A structural equation approach. British Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709901158505
Wan Mohamad Nasir Wan Abdul Rahman. (2002). Faktor-Faktor Stres Pekerjaan Pensyarah Politeknik: Satu Kajian Kes di Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah.Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Zedan, R. 2012. Stress and Coping Strategies Among Elementary School Teachers in Israel. Universal Journal of Education and General Studies, 1(9) 265-278.
Aftab, M., & Khatoon, T. (2012). Demographic Differences and Occupational Stress of Secondary School Teachers. European Scientific Journal.
Amin, N. B., Amir, A. M., & Ismail, S. F. (2019). Key Ferformance Indicators Tugas, Ganjaran Dan Prestasi Kerja Gru Di Sekolah Kerajaan. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan.
Antoniou, A. S., Polychroni, F., & Vlachakis, A. N. (2006). Gender and age differences in occupational stress and professional burnout between primary and high-school teachers in Greece. Journal of Managerial Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690213
Azizi Haji Yahaya, Shahrin Hashim, T. S. (1989). Occupational stress Among Technical teachers In Technical School in Johore, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Azizi Yahaya, & Jamaludin Ramli. (2010). Stres Dalam Kalangan Guru Sekolah Menengah Di Empat Buah Negeri Di Malaysia (Factors That Contributed Stress Among Secondary School Teachers in Four States in Malaysia). Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 25, 103–136.
Barouch Gilbert, R., Adesope, O. O., & Schroeder, N. L. (2014). Efficacy beliefs, job satisfaction, stress and their influence on the occupational commitment of English-medium content teachers in the Dominican Republic. Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.814193
Bedard, M., Greif, J. L., & Buckley, T. C. (2004). International publication trends in the traumatic stress literature. Journal of Traumatic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022615.03388.78
Borg, M. G., & Riding, R. J. (1991). Towards a model for the determinants of occupational stress among schoolteachers. European Journal of Psychology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03172771
Chaplain, R. P. (2008). Stress and psychological distress among trainee secondary teachers in England. Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410701491858
Collie, R. J., Shapka, J. D., & Perry, N. E. (2012). School climate and social-emotional learning: Predicting teacher stress, job satisfaction, and teaching efficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029356
De Nobile, J. J., & McCormick, J. (2010). Occupational stress of Catholic primary school staff: A study of biographical differences. International Journal of Educational Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541011067674
De Simone, S., Cicotto, G., & Lampis, J. (2016). Occupational stress, job satisfaction and physical health in teachers. Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee, 66(2), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2016.03.002
Dumitru, I., & Talpos, I. (2012). Stress Factors in the Professional Activities of Romanian Teachers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.577
Fimian, M. J. (1988). Predictors of classroom stress and burnout experienced by gifted and talented students. Psychology in the Schools. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(198810)25:4<392::AID-PITS2310250407>3.0.CO;2-D
Fink, G. (2016). Stress: Concepts, definition and history. In The Curated Reference Collection in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.02208-2
Fontana, D., & Abouserie, R. (1993). Stress levels, gender and personality factors in teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1993.tb01056.x
Ghani, M. Z., Ahmad, A. C., & Ibrahim, S. (2014). Stress among Special Education Teachers in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.648
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
Hanif, R., Tariq, S., & Masood, N. (2011). Personal and Job Related Predictors of Teacher Stress and Job Performance among School Teachers. Pakistan Journal of Commerce & Social Sciences.
Harmsen, R., Helms-Lorenz, M., Maulana, R., & van Veen, K. (2018). The relationship between beginning teachers’ stress causes, stress responses, teaching behaviour and attrition. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1465404
Haryanti, Aini, F., & Purwaningsih, P. (2013). Hubungan Antara Beban Kerja Dengan Stres Kerja Perawat Di Instalasi Gawat Darurat Rsud Kabupaten Semarang. Jurnal Managemen Keperawatan, 1(1), 48-56
He, N., Zhao, J., & Archbold, C. A. (2002). Gender and police stress: The convergent and divergent impact of work environment, work-family conflict, and stress coping mechanisms of female and male police officers. Policing. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510210450631
Ho, I. T. (2004). A comparison of Australian and Chinese teachers’ attributions for student problem behaviors. Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341042000211706
Jaggil Apak & Muhamad Suhaimi Taat. (2018). Pengaruh Kesediaan Guru Terhadap Pengurusan Bilik Darjah Abad Ke-21. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 3(4), 6-22.
Kamaruddin, K. (2007). Tekanan Kerja di kalangan guru sekolah menengah. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 10(1), 105–118.
Kantas, A. (2001). Factors of stress and occupational burnout of teachers, in Vasilaki, E., Triliva, S. and Besevegis, kaiE. (Eds), Stress, Anxiety and Intervention, Ellinika Grammata, Athens, pp. 217-29.
Karaj, S., & Rapti, E. (2013). Teacher Job Stress in Albania: Examining the Role of Students’ Classroom Disruptive Behavior and other Factors in the School Context. Problems of Education in the 21st Century.
Kaur, S. (2011). Comparative Study of Occupational Stress among Teachers of Private and Govt. Schools in Relation to their Age, Gender and Teaching Experience. International Journal of Educational Planning & Administration. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361307078130
Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (1999). Research design: Purpose and principles. In Foundations of behavioral research.
Kerr, R. A., Kerr, R. A., Breen, J., Delaney, M., Kelly, C., & Miller, K. (2011). A Qualitative Study of Workplace Stress and Coping in Secondary Teachers in Ireland. Irish Journal of Applies Social Studies. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7G72Q
Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Teacher Gender, Years of Experience, and Job Stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 741–756. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019237
Kokkinos, C. M. (2007). Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709905X90344
Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher stress: Directions for future research. Educational Review. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00131910120033628
Lemaire, J. (2009). Addressing teacher workload. Education.
Mallow, M. S. (2016). Occupational Stress in Malaysia: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions. Proceedings of SOCIOINT 2016 3rd International Conference on Education, Social Sciences and Humanities.
Michie, S. (2002). Causes and management of stress at work. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.1.67
Muhamad Suhaimi Taat & Gladys De Rozario. (2014). The Influence of Academic Attitude and Self-Efficacy Towards Students Achievement in Private Higher Learning Institution, Malaysia. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 1, 41-50.
Mojoyinola, J. K. (2008). Effects of job stress on health, personal and work behaviour of nurses in public hospitals in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2008.11886326
Mondal, J., Shrestha, S., & Bhaila, A. (2011). School teachers: Job stress and job satisfaction, Kaski, Nepal. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 1, 27-33.
Navidinia. H., Heiran. A. (2017). Exploring the demographic and contextual factors influencing English language teachers’ burnout: Implications for teachers’ burnout. ASEAN Journal of Teaching & Learning in Higher Education.
Nur Izzaty, M., Azman, I., Mohamad Shahril Azwan, M. R., & Sholihien, A. (2015). Work stress and its relationship with workers’ health: An empirical study of a police contingent in Peninsular Malaysia. GEOGRAFIA Online Malaysian Journal of Society and Space.
Phillips, S., Sen, D., & McNamee, R. (2007). Prevalence and causes of self-reported work-related stress in head teachers. Occupational Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqm055
Raja Maria. (2011). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mendorong Tekanan Kerja ( Stres ) Di Kalangan Guru-Guru Sekolah Menengah Di Daerah Pasir Puteh. Master of Education Open University Malaysia 2011.
S., D., & Dawn O. P., S. . S. (2015). Stress in school teachers of a school in west bengal, India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry.
Samad, N. I. A., Hashim, Z., Moin, S., & Abdullah, H. (2011). Assessment of Stress and Its Risk Factors Among Primary School Teachers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000392452.76957.b9
Siva Vikaraman, S., Norhaini Mansor, A., & Izham Mohd Hamzah, M. (2018). Influence of Ethical Leadership Practices in Developing Trust in Leaders: a Pilot Study on Malaysian Secondary Schools. International Journal of Engineering & Technology. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.30.18348
Ummi Kalsom Zakaria (2014). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tekanan Kerja Dalam Kalangan Guru Sekolah Menengah Daerah Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman. Tesis Sarjana Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Van Dick, R., & Wagner, U. (2001). Stress and strain in teaching: A structural equation approach. British Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709901158505
Wan Mohamad Nasir Wan Abdul Rahman. (2002). Faktor-Faktor Stres Pekerjaan Pensyarah Politeknik: Satu Kajian Kes di Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah.Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Zedan, R. 2012. Stress and Coping Strategies Among Elementary School Teachers in Israel. Universal Journal of Education and General Studies, 1(9) 265-278.
Published
2020-09-01
How to Cite
Kamarudin, S. and Taat, M. S. (2020) “Faktor Tingkah Laku Pelajar, Kekangan Masa, Beban Tugas Dan Tekanan Kerja Dalam Kalangan Guru”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(9), pp. 114 - 124. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v5i9.481.
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