Challenges of Learning English in 21st Century: Online vs. Traditional During Covid-19
Keywords:
free online resources, traditional, attitudes' accessible, coronavirus, Covid-19
Abstract
Free online resources are user-friendly technologies which have become available through the Internet in recent years and gaining popularity during Covid-19. Since learners use smartphones, free online resources are easily accessible. Books are portable, but learners find it somewhat difficult to learn English language via books which may only be available in the classroom context, whereas free online resources are easily accessed. The purpose of this study is to identify learners’ perception learning English via free online resources and traditional learning. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in the present study. Twenty-five international pre-elementary intensive English students took part in this study. It was found that learners perceived the free online resources as valuable tools for learning English in relation to reading, conversation, and vocabulary and also free online resources help promote free learning norms in learning the English language. The learners also had constructive attitudes towards free online resources. Free online resources always provide a motivating learning environment, enhance learners’ analytical and critical thinking skills, and encourage social interaction between teachers and learners, learners and their peers, and learners and other participants.
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References
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Murray, L., & Hourigan, T. (2008). Blogs for specific purposes: Expressivist or sociocognitivist approach? ReCall, 20(1), 82-97.
Mynard, J. (2007). A blog as a tool for reflection of English language learners. Asian EFL Journal, November: 1-10. http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/pta_Nov_07_jm.pdf
Olster, S. (2010, July 27). Summer school goes online. Fortune. http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/07/27/ summer-school-goes-online.
Osuna, M. M., & Meskill, C. (1998). Using the World Wide Web to integrate Spanish language and culture: A pilot study. Language Learning & Technology, 1(2), 71-92.
Oravec, J. (2002). Bookmarking the world: Weblog applications in education. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 45(7), 616-621.
Picciano, A., & Seaman, J. (2009). K–12 online learning: A 2008 follow-up of the survey of U.S. school district administrators. Needham, MA: Sloan Consortium. http://www.sloanconsortium.org/publications/survey/pdf/k-12_online_ learning_2008.pdf
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Paulsen, P. (2001). New era trends and technologies in foreign language learning: An annotated bibliography. Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal of Computer-Enhanced Learning. http://imej.wfu.edu/articles/2001/1/05/index.asp
Pinkman, K. (2005). Using weblogs in the foreign language classroom: Encouraging learner independence. The JALT CALL Journal, 1(1), 12-24. http://www.jaltcall.org/journal/articles/1_1_Pinkman.pdf
Rahman, M. M., Singh, M. K. M., & Pandian, A. (2018). Exploring ESL teacher beliefs and classroom practices of clt: A case study. International Journal of Instruction, 11(1), 295-310.
Riel, M., & Polin, L. (2004). Online communities: Common ground and critical differences in designing technical environments. In S. A. Barab, R. Kling, & J. H. Gray (Eds.), Designing for virtual communities in the service of learning (pp. 16-50). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Schwen, T. M., & Hara, N. (2004). Community of practice: A metaphor for online design. In S. A. Barab, R. Kling, & J. H. Gray (Eds.), Designing for virtual communities in the service of learning (pp. 154-178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sevelj, M. (2006). Weblogs as dynamic learning spaces. Retrieved from http://grail.oise.utoronto.ca/blog/karaisko/files/2007/12/weblogs_dynamic_learning_spaces.pdf
Shahida Naz, Memona Rasheed & Tahir Rasheed. (2019). The role of smartphones in learning English: A study of learners’ perspectives. International Conference on Research in Humanities, London United Kingdom, 1(2)17-28.
Shamim, F. (2017). English as the language of development in Pakistan: Issues, challenges and possible solutions. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313722489.
Singhal, M. (1997). The Internet and foreign language education: Benefits and challenges. The Internet TESL Journal, 3(6). http://iteslj.org/Articles/Singhal-Internet.html
Small, M. (2014). Theoretical implementations of various mobile applications used in English language learning. Teaching English with Technology, 14(1), 35-46.
Smith, D. G. & Baber, E. (2005). Teaching English with Information Technology: How to Use the Internet and IT When Teaching – for the Professional English language Teacher. London, United Kingdom: Modern English Publishing.
Sperling, D. (1997). The Internet guide for English language teachers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.
Sussex, R., & White, P. (1996). Electronic networking. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 16, 200-225.
Twigg, C. (2003a). Improving learning and reducing costs: New models for online learning. Educause Review, 38(5), 28-38.
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Waldeck, J. (2008). The development of an industry-specific online learning center: Consulting lessons learned. Communication Education, 57(4), 452-463.
Watson, J. (2010). Keeping pace with K–12 online learning: An annual review of policy and practice. Durango, CO: Evergreen Education Group.
Ward, J. M. (2004). Blog assisted language learning (BALL): Push button publishing for the pupils. TEFL Web Journal, 3(1), 1-6.
Warschauer, M. (Ed.). (1995). Virtual Connections: Online activities and projects for networking language learners. University of Hawaii: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Warschauer, M. (2000). The changing global economy and the future of English teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 34(3), 511-535.
Wicks, M. (2010). A national primer on K–12 online learning. Version 2. Retrieved fromhttp://www.inacol.org/research/docs/iNCL_NationalPrimerv22010-web.pdf
Yang (2005). Does an open forum promote learning among students? A collaborative learning approach.
Zhang, D. (2009). The Application of blog in English writing. Journal of Cambridge Studies, 4(1), 213-218. http://journal.acs-cam.org.uk/data/archive/2009/200901-article8.pdf
Atmojo, A. & Nugroho, A. (2020). EFL Classes Must Go Online! Teaching Activities and Challenges during COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia, Register Journal, 13(1). 49-76.
Barab, S. A., Squire, K., & Dueber, B. (2000). Supporting authenticity through participatory learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(2), 37-62.
Benson, J., & Reyman, J. (2009). Learning to write publicly: Promises and pitfalls of using weblogs in the composition classroom. Retrieved from http://www.john-benson.net/blogstudy/
Bernard, R. (2000). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
Campbell, A. P. (2003). Weblogs for use with ESL classes. The Internet TESL Journal, ix (2),112-121. http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Campbell-Weblogs.html
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Du, H., & Wagner, C. (2007). Learning with weblogs: Enhancing cognitive and social knowledge construction. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 50(1), 1-16.
Depoe, M. (2001). Guide to online resources. CALL-EJ Online, 2(2). http://www.lerc.ritsumei.ac.jp/callej/5-2/depoe.htm
Drever, E. (1990). Using Questionnaires in Small-Scale Research. Scotland: SCRE Publication
Felix, U. (1999). Exploiting the Web for language teaching: selected approaches. Recall, 11(1), 30-37.
Felix, U. (2001). A multivariate analysis of students’ experience of web-based learning. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 17, (1) 21-36.
Godwin-Jones, B. (2003). Blogs and wikis environments for on-line collaboration. Language Learning & Technology, 7(2), 12-16. http://Ilt.msu.edu/vol7num2/emerging/default.html
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2005). Introduction to statistics in psychology. Harlow: Pearson Hall.
Jackson, S. L. (2012). Research methods statistics. (4th ed.) Chicago, IL: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Kavaliauskieno, G., Anusieno, L., & Mazeikieno, V. (2006). Application of blogging for learner development. Journal of Language and Learning, 4(2), 133-143.
Kitao, K., & Kitao, K. (2000). On-line resources and journals: ELT, linguistics, and communication. Retrieved from http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/visitors/kenji/onlin.htm
Krafcik, M. 2010. Monongalia alters Summer school program. Retrieved from http://yourwvabc.com/story.cfm?func=viewstoryandstoryid=73739
Kress, G. (2013). Literacy in the New Media Age. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the New Media Age.London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Krishnan, I.A, Mello, G., Kok, S.A, Sabapathy, S., Munian, S., Ching, H.S, Kandasamy, P., Ramalingam, S., Baskaran, S. & Kanan, V. (2020). Challenges Faced by Hearing Impairment Students During COVID-19, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(8), 106 - 116.
Kozma, R. (2005). National policies that connect ICT-based education reform to economic and social development. Human Technology, 1(2), 117-156.
Li, R. C., & Hart, R. S. (1996). What can the World Wide Web offer ESL teachers? TESOL Journal, 5-10.
Lin, C. H., Zhang, Y., & Zheng, B. (2017). The roles of learning strategies and motivation in online language learning: A structural equation modeling analysis. Computers and Education, 113, 75-85.
LeCompte, M., & Schensul, J. (1999). Essential ethnographic methods: Ethnographers toolkit. New York, NY: Altamira Press.
Leow, R., Cerezo, L., & Baralt, M. (2015). A psycholinguistic approach to technology and language learning. Boston, MA: De Gruyter.
Liu, F., & Cavanaugh, C. (n.d.). Online core course success factors in virtual school: Factors influencing student academic achievement. International Journal of E-Learning.
Marta, L. M.C. (2018). Comparing online English language learning and face-to-face comparing online English language learning and face-to-face English language learning at el Bosque university in Colombia. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd
Meloni, C. (1998). The Internet in the classroom: A valuable tool and resource for ESL/EFL teachers. ESL Magazine. http://www.eslmag.com/Article.htm
Meloni, C. (2000). The Internet in the classroom: A valuable tool and resource for ESL/EFL Teachers. ESL Magazine. Available://www.eslmag.com/Article.htm
McAleer, M. (2020). Prevention Is Better Than the Cure: Risk Management of COVID-19. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13030046
Murray, L., & Hourigan, T. (2008). Blogs for specific purposes: Expressivist or sociocognitivist approach? ReCall, 20(1), 82-97.
Mynard, J. (2007). A blog as a tool for reflection of English language learners. Asian EFL Journal, November: 1-10. http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/pta_Nov_07_jm.pdf
Olster, S. (2010, July 27). Summer school goes online. Fortune. http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/07/27/ summer-school-goes-online.
Osuna, M. M., & Meskill, C. (1998). Using the World Wide Web to integrate Spanish language and culture: A pilot study. Language Learning & Technology, 1(2), 71-92.
Oravec, J. (2002). Bookmarking the world: Weblog applications in education. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 45(7), 616-621.
Picciano, A., & Seaman, J. (2009). K–12 online learning: A 2008 follow-up of the survey of U.S. school district administrators. Needham, MA: Sloan Consortium. http://www.sloanconsortium.org/publications/survey/pdf/k-12_online_ learning_2008.pdf
Pathak, A., & Charatdao, I. (2012). Use of semi-structured interviews to investigate teacher perceptions of student collaboration. Malaysian Journal of ELT, 8(1). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/271138816
Paulsen, P. (2001). New era trends and technologies in foreign language learning: An annotated bibliography. Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal of Computer-Enhanced Learning. http://imej.wfu.edu/articles/2001/1/05/index.asp
Pinkman, K. (2005). Using weblogs in the foreign language classroom: Encouraging learner independence. The JALT CALL Journal, 1(1), 12-24. http://www.jaltcall.org/journal/articles/1_1_Pinkman.pdf
Rahman, M. M., Singh, M. K. M., & Pandian, A. (2018). Exploring ESL teacher beliefs and classroom practices of clt: A case study. International Journal of Instruction, 11(1), 295-310.
Riel, M., & Polin, L. (2004). Online communities: Common ground and critical differences in designing technical environments. In S. A. Barab, R. Kling, & J. H. Gray (Eds.), Designing for virtual communities in the service of learning (pp. 16-50). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Schwen, T. M., & Hara, N. (2004). Community of practice: A metaphor for online design. In S. A. Barab, R. Kling, & J. H. Gray (Eds.), Designing for virtual communities in the service of learning (pp. 154-178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sevelj, M. (2006). Weblogs as dynamic learning spaces. Retrieved from http://grail.oise.utoronto.ca/blog/karaisko/files/2007/12/weblogs_dynamic_learning_spaces.pdf
Shahida Naz, Memona Rasheed & Tahir Rasheed. (2019). The role of smartphones in learning English: A study of learners’ perspectives. International Conference on Research in Humanities, London United Kingdom, 1(2)17-28.
Shamim, F. (2017). English as the language of development in Pakistan: Issues, challenges and possible solutions. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313722489.
Singhal, M. (1997). The Internet and foreign language education: Benefits and challenges. The Internet TESL Journal, 3(6). http://iteslj.org/Articles/Singhal-Internet.html
Small, M. (2014). Theoretical implementations of various mobile applications used in English language learning. Teaching English with Technology, 14(1), 35-46.
Smith, D. G. & Baber, E. (2005). Teaching English with Information Technology: How to Use the Internet and IT When Teaching – for the Professional English language Teacher. London, United Kingdom: Modern English Publishing.
Sperling, D. (1997). The Internet guide for English language teachers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.
Sussex, R., & White, P. (1996). Electronic networking. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 16, 200-225.
Twigg, C. (2003a). Improving learning and reducing costs: New models for online learning. Educause Review, 38(5), 28-38.
Twigg, C. (2003b). Improving quality and reducing cost: Designs for effective learning. Change, 35(4), 22-29.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology. (2010a). Transforming American education: Learning powered by technology. National Educational Technology Plan 2010. Washington, DC: Author. http://www.ed.gov/ technology/netp- 2010
Velavan, T. P., & Meyer, C. G. (2020). The COVID‐19 Epidemic. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 25(3), 278-280. ://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13383
Watson, J., & Gemin, B. (2008). Using online learning for at-risk students and credit recovery. International Association for K–12 Online Learning (iNACOL). http://www.inacol.org/research/promisingpractices/NACOL_CreditRecovery_Promising Practices.pdf
Waldeck, J. (2008). The development of an industry-specific online learning center: Consulting lessons learned. Communication Education, 57(4), 452-463.
Watson, J. (2010). Keeping pace with K–12 online learning: An annual review of policy and practice. Durango, CO: Evergreen Education Group.
Ward, J. M. (2004). Blog assisted language learning (BALL): Push button publishing for the pupils. TEFL Web Journal, 3(1), 1-6.
Warschauer, M. (Ed.). (1995). Virtual Connections: Online activities and projects for networking language learners. University of Hawaii: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Warschauer, M. (2000). The changing global economy and the future of English teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 34(3), 511-535.
Wicks, M. (2010). A national primer on K–12 online learning. Version 2. Retrieved fromhttp://www.inacol.org/research/docs/iNCL_NationalPrimerv22010-web.pdf
Yang (2005). Does an open forum promote learning among students? A collaborative learning approach.
Zhang, D. (2009). The Application of blog in English writing. Journal of Cambridge Studies, 4(1), 213-218. http://journal.acs-cam.org.uk/data/archive/2009/200901-article8.pdf
Published
2020-09-01
How to Cite
Krishnan, I. A., Ching, H., Ramalingam, S., Maruthai, E., Kandasamy, P., Mello, G., Munian, S. and Ling, W. (2020) “Challenges of Learning English in 21st Century: Online vs. Traditional During Covid-19”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(9), pp. 1 - 15. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v5i9.494.
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