Wacana Kontroversi Agama di Malaysia: Satu Kajian Terhadap Pelaporan Akhbar Utusan Malaysia dan The Star Mengenai Tuntutan COMANGO
Keywords:
hegemoni, pemaparan media, akhbar Malaysia, Islam, COMANGO
Abstract
Negara Malaysia sebelum ini telah mengalami pelbagai insiden dan isu yang melibatkan kaum dan agama sehingga telah mendatangkan masalah dari segi perhubungan antara kaum dan agama. Isu-isu yang melibatkan agama dan kaum ini sering kali melibatkan agama Islam, yang juga adalah agama rasmi negara Malaysia. Agama Islam sering kali menjadi subjek yang sensitif kerana ia sering kali dijadikan sebagai alat untuk mengekalkan hegemoni dan status quo oleh pihak kerajaan dalam konteks di Malaysia. Pada tahun 2013, sebuah pertubuhan NGO yang dikenali sebagai COMANGO telah menghantar beberapa tuntutan yang melibatkan hak asasi manusia di Malaysia kepada Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu (PBB) di Penilaian Berkala Sejagat (UPR). COMANGO telah dikatakan telah membuat beberapa tuntutan yang mencabar kedudukan Islam dan Melayu di Malaysia dan mempromosi seks bebas. Isu ini telah mendapat liputan yang meluas di media akhbar di Malaysia khususnya akhbar arus perdana di Malaysia dan ia dilihat sebagai sebuah isu yang boleh mendatangkan manfaat kepada pihak kerajaan untuk mengukuhkan kuasa mereka dengan memainkan isu ini kepada khalayak umum. Oleh itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji mesej-mesej yang disampaikan oleh akhbar arus perdana mengenai isu ini, iaitu akhbar Utusan Malaysia dan The Star. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan kedua-dua akhbar yang dikaji memberikan liputan yang hampir sama dengan sedikit kelainan. Akhbar Utusan Malaysia dilihat sangat menentang tuntutan COMANGO tersebut dan mengangkat parti UMNO sebagai parti yang memperjuangkan Islam manakala akhbar The Star walaupun dilihat lebih banyak memberikan peluang kepada pihak COMANGO untuk menyatakan pendirian mereka, namun dilihat masih berhati-hati dalam pelaporan mereka mengenai isu tersebut.
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References
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Yang, L. F. & Leong. W. K. (2017). Framing the Cow-Head Protest: A Comparative Analysis of The Star and Malaysiakini, SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Centre for Communications and Humanities, Vol. 9 (1).71-96.
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Yang, L.F. & Md Sidin, A. I. (2012). Framing Interethnic Conflict in Malaysia: A Comparative Analysis of Newspaper Coverage on the Hindu Rights Action Force (Hindraf). International Journal of Communication. 6. 166-189.
Zaharom, N. & Wang, L. K. (2004). “Ownership, control and the Malaysian media”, in Thomas P. N. & Z. Nain, ed., Who owns the media: Global trends and local resistances (pp. 249-267). Penang, Malaysia: Southbound Sdn. Bhd.
Zaki Samsudin (2010, 25 Febuari). Islamisasi dan dasar penerapan nilai-nilai Islam. The Centre for Policy Initiatives. http://www.cpiasia.net/v3/index.php/230-Columnists/zaki-samsudin/1869-islamisasi-dan-dasar-penerapan-nilai-nilai-islam-
Abdul Qayyum, J. (2014). Why has Comango been banned? Poskod.my. https://poskod.my/cheat-sheets/why-has-comango-been-banned/
Abdull Rahman, M., Kamaruddin, H. S., Ahmad, S. L. & Faudzinaim, B. (2009), Penerimaan Bukan Islam Terhadap Proses Islamisasi Di Malaysia, Jurnal Hadhari. 2. 33-51.
Ahmad Fauzi, A. H. (2018). Islamisme dan Bahananya: Cabaran Besar Politik Malaysia Abad ke-21, Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Aini Maznina, A. M. & Nerawi, S. (2015). Framing Islam-related issues during GE13: An analysis of Malaysian mainstream newspapers, Intellectual Discourse, 23 (1), 29-52.
Bimbang tuntutan Comango (2013, 17th November). Utusan Malaysia.
Carmen, N. (2012). Melapor tentang ‘Kaum’ dan Etnisiti: Buku Panduan untuk Wartawan Malaysia. Selangor: Centre For Independent Journalism.
Circulation Figures - Paid Newspapers print edition Geographical Distribution - West & East Malaysia (2016). Audit Bureau Circulations Malaysia. http://abcm.org.my/wp-content/reports/2016/abc-circulation-figures-jan-16-to-june-16-newspapers-west-and-east-malaysia-distribution.pdf
Comango: Our UN report does not undermine Islam (2013, 17th October). Malaysiakini. https://www.malaysiakini.com/
Comango: We are not for rights against Islam (2014, 9th January). Malaysiakini. https://www.malaysiakini.com/
Earnie, E. H., Kamarudin S. & Nur Farhana, A. R. (2019) Isu-isu pluralisme agama dalam Tuntutan Comango: Satu Analisis terhadap Laporan 2013 dan 2018. International Journal of Islamic Thought ( IJIT ), 15 . pp. 35-43.
Eichenauer, E. (2016). Language, Mass Media, And Democracy: The Debate Over "Kalimah Allah" In The Malaysian Print And Online Media, Kajian Malaysia, Vol. 34 (1), 1–33.
Farik Z. (2014, 9 Januari). Home Ministry deems Comango illegal. The Star Online. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/01/09/home-ministry-deems-comango-illegal-only-15-organisations-registered-with-ros/
Golding, P. & Murdock, G. (2000). Culture, Communications and Political Economy, dalam Curran, J. dan Gurevitch, M., Mass Media and Society. Third Edition. London: Arnold.
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. (E. A. Nowell-Smith, Ed.). New York: International Publishers.
Gurevitch, M., Bennett, T., Curran, J. & Woollacott, J. (Ed.) (1982). Culture, Society and the Media. London: Methuen.
Halimahton S., Hua N.T., & Raman, V. (2006). Covering race and religion: the Moorthy and Nyonya Tahir cases in four Malaysian Newspapers. Kajian Malaysia. Vol. XXIV (No.1 & 2), 185-201.
Hamayotsu, K. (2013). Towards a More Democratic Regime and Society? The Politics of Faith and Ethnicity in a Transitional Multi-Ethnic Malaysia, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 32 (2), 61–88.
Hamayotsu, K. (2015). Democracy and Religious Pluralism in Southeast Asia: Indonesia and Malaysia Compared, Working Paper. Key Issues in Religion and World Affairs. Henry Luce Foundation. 1-15.
Hussaini, A. (2013, 23rd October). Comango tak hormati Islam. Utusan Malaysia.
Jha, P.K. (2009). Religious Assertion in Malaysia: Constrained or Conflagrated? Strategic Analysis, 33:6, 890-902.
Juliana. A. W. & Mahyuddin. A. (2009). Filem Box Office dan Ideologi: Satu Kajian Terhadap Filem-Filem Terpilih di Malaysia, Wacana Seni. Vol.8. 43-68.
Lansner, T. R. (2014). Monopolizing the nation: Soft censorship in Malaysia. Paris: WANIFRA.
Lim, L. H. (2012). Akhbar, Sensasionalisme dan Kepanikan Moral: Satu Kajian Kes Pemberitaan Rogol-Bunuh dalam Akhbar Terpilih, Tesis PhD. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Mohd Farid, M. S. (2012). Maaf, Tuhan Kita Tidak Sama, Mengulas Interaksi Agama di Malaysia. Kedah: Bitara Media.
Mosco, V (1996). The Political Economy of Communication: Rethinking and Renewal, SAGE Publications, London.
Muhammad Nadzri, M. N. & Ghazali, M. (2008). Hegemoni Dan Kontra Hegemoni: Memahami Perubahan Pilihan Raya Umum Ke-12. Jebat, 35, 33-48.
Muhammad Raqib, M.S. & Adnan, H. (2014). A Quantitative Content Analysis of Utusan Malaysia and The Star’s Reporting on A Controversial Thanksgiving Dinner in Damansara Utama Methodist Churh, Malaysian Journal of Media Studies, 16 (2), 45-61.
Muhammad Raqib, M.S. & Adnan, H. (2018). Gerakan Kristianisasi & Peranan Media Di Malaysia: Satu Kajian Kes Terhadap Pelaporan Akhbar Utusan Malaysia Dan The Star, AL-ABQARI: Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 15 (2), 137-154.
Murdock, G.& Golding, P. (1973). For a political economy of mass communications dalam Miliband, R. & Saville, J. The socialist register 1973. London: Merlin Press.
Neo, J. L. C. (2006). Malay nationalism, Islamic supremacy and the constitutional bargain in the multi-ethnic composition of Malaysia. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 13 (1). 95–118.
Ng, M. L. (2002). Pemamparan Akhbar Berlainan Bahasa Di Malaysia Tentang Kejadian Demonstrasi Gerakan Reformasi Malaysia 1998 : Kajian Kes Terhadap Utusan Malaysia Sin Chew Jit Poh, Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Nur Kareelawati Abd. Karim. (2010). Reporting on Apostasy: Are Malaysian Newspapers at the Crossroads? dalam Maznah Buyong, Nur Kareelawati Abd Karim, Sofia Hayati Yusoff dan Suria Hani A Rahman, Portrayal Of Islam In The Media, (pp 209 – 226). Nilai: MNR Global Resources & Faculty of Leadership and Management. USIM.
Osman, S. (2013, 2 Ogos). Issues of religion and race a challenge for Malaysia, The Jakarta Post, http://www.thejakartapost.com/
Rashaad, A. (2016, 19 April). Minorities push against the state’s race policies and politics: The threat to UMNO posed by Malaysia’s rising Islamophobia, Today Online. https://www.todayonline.com/
Ridauddin, D. (2020, 11 Januari). Cara menangani isu perkauman. Sinar Harian. https://www.sinarharian.com.my
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2005). Analysing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Termizi, C. A. (2013a, 26th November). Anwar perlu umum pendirian. Utusan Malaysia.
Termizi, C. A. (2013b, 27th November). Rafizi diminta nyata pendirian. Utusan Malaysia.
Walters, A.S. (2007) Issues in Christian–Muslim Relations: A Malaysian Christian Perspective, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations. 18 (1). 67-83.
Wan Norshira, W. M. G. (2019). Islam as The State Ideology: Exploring from Gramsci’s Notion of Power, Culture and Ideology. Jurnal Komunikasi, Vol 35 (1), 338-352.
Wang, L. K. (2001). Media and Democracy in Malaysia. Journal of The European Institute for Communication and Culture (Jovnost). Vol. 8 (2). 67-88.
Wang, L. K. (2015), Komunikasi dan Budaya: Penyelidikan Komunikasi dan Teori Kritikal dalam Azman Azwan Azmawati, Mahyuddin Ahmad, Mustafa Kamal Anuar, Wang Lay Kim. Antologi Esei Komunikasi: Teori, Isu dan Amalan (3-18). Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Yang, L. F. & Leong. W. K. (2017). Framing the Cow-Head Protest: A Comparative Analysis of The Star and Malaysiakini, SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Centre for Communications and Humanities, Vol. 9 (1).71-96.
Yang, L.F. & Md Sidin, A. I. (2011). Framing Religious Dispute: A Comparative Analysis of the Lina Joy Controversy by Malaysian Newspapers, The Journal of the South East Asia Research Centre for Communication and Humanities, Vol. 3 (2), 21-38.
Yang, L.F. & Md Sidin, A. I. (2012). Framing Interethnic Conflict in Malaysia: A Comparative Analysis of Newspaper Coverage on the Hindu Rights Action Force (Hindraf). International Journal of Communication. 6. 166-189.
Zaharom, N. & Wang, L. K. (2004). “Ownership, control and the Malaysian media”, in Thomas P. N. & Z. Nain, ed., Who owns the media: Global trends and local resistances (pp. 249-267). Penang, Malaysia: Southbound Sdn. Bhd.
Zaki Samsudin (2010, 25 Febuari). Islamisasi dan dasar penerapan nilai-nilai Islam. The Centre for Policy Initiatives. http://www.cpiasia.net/v3/index.php/230-Columnists/zaki-samsudin/1869-islamisasi-dan-dasar-penerapan-nilai-nilai-islam-
Published
2021-01-06
How to Cite
Mohd Sofian, M. R. and Azmawati, A. A. (2021) “Wacana Kontroversi Agama di Malaysia: Satu Kajian Terhadap Pelaporan Akhbar Utusan Malaysia dan The Star Mengenai Tuntutan COMANGO”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(1), pp. 80 - 95. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v6i1.635.
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