Masalah Sekuriti Makanan Sebelum dan Semasa Pandemik Covid-19: Kajian kes di New Zealand

  • Maureen De Silva Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
  • Emma Tingkas Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
  • Yew Meng Lai Pusat Penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
  • Zainuddin Baco Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
  • Diana Peters Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
  • Dg. Junaidah Awang Jambol Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
Keywords: sekuriti makanan, masalah sekuriti makanan, pandemik Covid-19, New Zealand

Abstract

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri dinamika masalah sekuriti makanan yang berlaku di kalangan rakyat sebelum dan semasa pandemik Covid-19. Berlandaskan kepada kajian kes ke atas negara New Zealand, kajian ini akan merungkaikan isu sekuriti makanan yang dialami oleh rakyat New Zealand dalam tempoh dua dekad kebelakangan ini dan impak pandemik Covid-19 ke atas masalah sekuriti makanan di kalangan rakyat. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa dalam tempoh 20 tahun ini, sebilangan penduduk New Zealand sudah berhadapan dengan isu akses kepada makanan terutamanya golongan etnik Maori dan Pasifik, gelandangan, kanak-kanak, ibu/bapa tunggal, dan orang kurang upaya. Mereka berhadapan dengan isu tidak cukup makanan yang antaranya menjejaskan nutrisi, kestabilan mental dan hubungan kekeluargaan. Masalah sekuriti makanan yang dihadapi oleh rakyat New Zealand diperburukkan lagi apabila berlakunya pandemik Covid-19 pada akhir tahun 2019. Pandemik ini bukan sahaja telah mencetuskan krisis kesihatan tetapi ia juga telah menyebabkan krisis ekonomi yang bersama-samanya menimbulkan ancaman terhadap sekuriti makanan di kalangan ramai lagi rakyat New Zealand. Antaranya, pandemik Covid-19 telah menjejaskan akses kepada makanan dari segi ketiadaan sumber pendapatan mencukupi untuk membeli makanan kerana lockdown atau dibuang kerja; gangguan kepada sistem rantaian bekalan bila berlakunya kekurangan produk penting disebabkan oleh pembelian panik dan masalah pembungkusan; kenaikan harga barangan terutamanya sayuran dan buah-buahan segar yang menjejaskan pengambilan nutrisi; dan penutupan bank makanan serta perniagaan kecil semasa tempoh lockdown kerana tidak dikategorikan sebagai essential. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis sejarah berdasarkan penggunaan sumber primer (khususnya dokumen, laporan, akhbar) dan sumber sekunder.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Arafat, S.M.Y, Kar, S.K., Menon, V., Kaliamoorthy, C., Mukherjee, S., Alradie-Mohamed, A., Sharma, P., Marthoenis, M. & Kabir, R. (2020). Panic buying: An insight from the content analysis of media reports during COVID-19 pandemic. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 37, 100–3.

Baker, M.G., Wilson, N. & Anglemyer, A. (August 2020). Successful Elimination of Covid-19 Transmission in New Zealand. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(8). Massachusetts Medical Society. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2025203. (diakses pada 14 April 2021).

Beavis, B.S. et al. (2019). Exploration of Maori household experiences of food insecurity. Nutrion and Dietics 2019. 76: 344-352.

Bowers, S., Carter, K., Gorton, D. et al. (2009). Enhancing food security and physical activity for Māori, Pacific and low-income peoples. Wellington: Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Auckland; GeoHealth Laboratory, University of Canterbury; Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, University of Otago; Te Hotu Manawa Māor. https://www.otago.ac.nz/heppru/ota

go022605.pdf. (diakses pada 30 April 2021).

Carter, K. N., Lanumata, T., Kruse, K. & Gorton, D. (2010). What are the determinants of food insecurity in New Zealand and does this differ for males and females? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(6), 602–608. doi: https://sci-hub.do/http://dx.doi.org/10.111

1/j.1753-6405.2010.00615.x. (diakses pada 20 April 2021).

Cennimo, D.J. (2021). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Medscape. 21 Mei. https://emedicine.

medscape.com/article/2500114-overview. (diakses pada 14 Mei 2021).

Cousins, S. (2020). New Zealand eliminates COVID-19. The Lancet, 395. 9 Mei. https://www.thelan

cet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2931097-7. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

Dombroski, K., Diprose, G., Sharp, E., Graham, R., Lee, L., Scobie, M., Richardson, S., Watkins, A., dan Martin-Neuninger, R. (2020). Food for People in Place: Reimagining Resilient Food Syatems for Economic Recovery. https:www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability. (diakses pada 14 Mei 2021).

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2002). The State of Food Insecurity in the World. Rome.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2006). The State of Food and Agriculture. Rom.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2010) The State of Food Insecurity in the World. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e.pdf. (diakses pada 18 Mei 2021).

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). The State of Food Insecurity in the World. http://www.fao.org/3/a4ef2d16-70a7-460a-a9ac-2a65a533269a/i4646e.pdf. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2019). The State of Food and Agriculture. Moving Forward on Food Loss and Waste Reduction. Rom. http://www.fao.org/3/ ca6030en/ca6030en.pdf. (diakses pada 21 Mei 2021).

FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. (2019). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019. Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/ca

5162en/ca5162en.pdf. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

FIVIMS. (2003). Measurement and assessment of food deprevation and undernutrition. Rom FAO.

Food Tank. (Nov 2020). COVID-19 Endangers Indigenous Right to Food, Says U.N. Report. https://foodtank.com/news/2020/11/covid-19-endangers-indigenous-right-to-food-says-u-n-report/. (diakses pada 3 Mei 2021).

Fram. M.S., Ritchie, L.D., Rosen, N. et al. (2015). Child experience of food insecurity is associated with child diet and physical activity. Journal of Nutrition, 145(3), 499–504.

Government of New Zealand. (2020). “COVID-19: Further steps to protect New Zealanders’ jobs”. 27 Mac. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/covid-19-further-steps-protect-new-zealanders%E2%

80%99-jobs. (diakses pada 20 April 2021).

Graham, R., Hodgetts, D., Stolte, O. & Chamberlain, K. (2018) Hiding in Plain Sight: Experiences of Food Insecurity and Rationing in New Zealand. Food, Culture & Society, 21(3), 384-401, doi: 10.1080/15528014.2018.1451043.

Graham, R. (2019). Aotearoa, land of the wide bare cupboard. Food Insecurity in New Zealand Part 2: Living with Hunger (How families manage when things are right). Child Poverty Action Group.

Graham-McLay, C. (2020). New Zealand drops Covid-19 restrictions after nation declared ‘virus free’. https://www.theguardian.com/

Ghebreyesus, T.A. (2020). The Worst is Yet to Come. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-lx6ZYQ_vg. (diakses pada 22 Mei 2021).

Grieser, S. (September 2020). Food Insecurity in New Zealand: A Hidden Reality. https://borgenproject.org/

Hall, M.C., Prayag, G., Fieger, P. & Dyason, D. (2020). Beyond panic buying: Consumption displacement and COVID-19. Journal of Service Management, 32, 113–28.

Healy, A. dan Malhorta, N. (2009). Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy. American Political Science Review, 103, 387-406.

Jamieson, T. (2020). “Go Hard, Go Early”: Preliminary Lessons from New Zealand’s Response to COVID-19. American Review of Public Administration, 50(6-7), 598-605. doi: 10.1177/0275074020941721. (diakses pada 28 Mei 2021).

Kaiser, M., Himmelheber, S., Miller, S., & Heyward, A. (2015). Cultivators of Change: Food Justice in Social Work Education. Social Work Education, 34(5), 544–57.

Kira, G. (2020). Food insecurity for Māori is getting worse. Here are some ways we can all help. 17 April. https://thespinoff.co.nz/atea/17-04-2020/food-insecurity-for-maori-is-getting-worse-here-are-some-ways-we-can-all-help/. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

Kirk, C.P., & Rifkin, L.S. (2020). I’ll trade you diamonds for toilet paper: Consumer reacting, coping and adapting behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, 117, 124–31.

Last, J.M. (1988). A dictionary of epidemiology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Martinez, M. & Kawam, E. (2014). A Call to Action for Social Workers: Food Insecurity and Child Health. Social Work, 59(4), 370–2.

McLean, E. (2020). NZ 35th in pandemic preparedness. 16 Februari. https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dune

din/nz-35th-pandemic-preparedness. (diakses pada 11 Mei 2021).

McLaughlin, K.A., Green, J.G., Alegria, M., Costello, J., Gruber, M., Sampson, N. & Kessler, R.C. (2012). Food Insecurity and Mental Disorders in a National Sample of U.S. Adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(12), 1293–303.

Mitchell, P. (2021). Protecting Aotearoa's food supply in wake of Covid-19. 31 Januari. https://www.

stuff.co.nz/national/300217606/protecting-aotearoas-food-supply-in-wake-of-covid19. (diakses pada 17 Mei 2021).

Ministry of Health, New Zealand. (2019). Household Food Insecurity Among Children in New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry of Health.

Ministry of Health, New Zealand. (2021). 27 Mei.

Ministry of Social Development. (2020). Covid-19 Reporting. https://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/statistics/covid-19/index.html. (diakses pada 23 Mei 2021).

Morens, D.M., Folkers, G.K., Fauci, A.S. (2009). What Is a Pandemic? The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 200(7): 1018–1021. https://doi.org/10.1086/644537. (diakses pada 1 Jun 2021).

Neuwelt-Kearns, C. (2020). Aotearoa, land of the wide bare cupboard. Food Insecurity in New Zealand Part 6: An outbreak of hunger (the spread of food insecurity in atime of Covid-19). Child Poverty Action Group.

New Zealand Government. Essential Businesses. 2020. https://covid19.govt.nz/businesses-and-employ ees/essential-businesses/. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

NZ Herald. (17 Februari 2021). Covid-19 coronavirus: Food insecurity an issue at Wairarapa schools. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/covid-19-coronavirus-food-insecurity-an-issue-at-wairarapa-schoo ls/KD6KVDHPMTZSPM2VFPVFWBZU44/. (diakses pada 13 Mei 2021).

Oshri, Ilan & Kotlarsky, J. (2020). How COVID-19 is disrupting the food supply chain in New Zealand”. 25 Mac. https://www.cio.com/article/3534052/how-covid-19-is-disrupting-the-food-supply-chain-in-new-zealand.html. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

Food Security in a Pandemic. (tiada tarikh). https://www.paho.org/disasters/dmdocuments/RespTool Kit_14_Tool% 2007_FoodSecurityinaPandemic.pdf. (diakses pada 11 April 2021).

Pal, A. (2021). WIDER IMAGE In COVID-hit India, a 26-year-old doctor decides who lives and who dies. 5 Mei. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/wider-image-covid-hit-india-26-year-old- doctor-decides-who-lives-who-dies-2021-05-05/. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

Poata-Smith, E. (2013). Inequality and Maori. In: Rashbrooke M. (ed.). Inequality: A New Zealand Crisis. Wellington: Bridget Wil-liams Books. 148–58.

Perry, B. (2018). Household Incomes in New Zealand: Trends in indicators of inequality and hardship 1982 to 2017. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development.

Radio New Zealand (RNZ). (2021). Panic buying and generosity: A year since NZ headed into Covid-19 lockdown. 23 Mac https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/438934/panic-buying-and-generosity-a-year-since-nz-headed-into-covid-19-lockdown. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

Reeves, M.P. (1913). Round about a Pound a Week. Prabhat Prakashan.

Rice, G.W. (2020). How reminders of the 1918-19 pandemic helped Australia and New Zealand respond to Covid-19. Journal of Global History, 15(3), 421-433.

Relman, D.A., Choffnes, E.R., Mack, A. (2010). The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions: Workshop Summary. Institute of Medicine, Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats. National Academies Press,

Robert, A. (Dec 2020). Lessons from New Zealand's COVID-19 outbreak response. The Lancet. 5(11): e569-e570. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30237-1. (diakses pada 11 Mei 2021).

Robson, S. (2020). “Covid-19 lockdown: Nearly 30,000 more people on jobseeker benefit”. RNZ. 25 April. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/415038/covid-19-lockdown-nearly-30-000-more-peo ple-on-jobseeker-benefit

Robson, S. (2021). Salvation Army calls for 'brave policy action' to stem increasing inequality. RNZ. 17 February. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/436543/salvation-army-calls-for-brave-policy-action-to-stem-increasing-inequality. (diakses pada 14 April 2021).

Roy, E.A. (2020). 'Go hard, go early' – now New Zealand goes back to the drawing board. The Guardian. 15 Ogos. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/16/go-hard-go-early-now-new-zealand-goes-back-to-the-drawing-board. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

Rush, E. A. (2019). Land of the Long Wide Bare Cupboard. Part 1: Fat, Famished or Starved in a Land of Plenty? https://www.cpag.org.nz/campaigns/the-latest-aotearoa-land-of-the-long-wide/. (diakses pada 11 Mei 2021).

Rush, E & Rusk, I. (2009). Food security for Pacific peoples in New Zealand. Wellington: Obesity Action Coalition.

Sassi, Maria. (2018). Understanding Food Insecurity. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

Scudellari, M. (2020). How the pandemic might play out in 2021 and beyond. Nature. 584:22-25 5 Ogos. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02278-5. (diakses pada 29 Mei 2021).

Statistics New Zealand. Food Price Index: (Jun 2020). https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/

food-price-index-june-2020. (diakses pada 11 Mei 2021).

Statistics New Zealand. (2020). New Zealand's population passes 5 million. 18 Mei. https://www.stats. govt.nz/news/new-zealands-population-passes-5-million. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

Stockman, J. (2021). How New Zealand eliminated COVID-19. 4 Januari. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/covid 19/2021/01/04/how-new-zealand-eliminated-covid-19/. (diakses pada 13 April 2021).

Tatauranga Aotearoa Stats NZ. (2020). Unemployment rate hits 5.3 percent due to COVID-19. 4 November. https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/unemployment-rate-hits-5-3-percent-due-to-covid-19.

Taubenberger, J.K. (2006). 1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics. National Emergency Training Center,

Thomson, A. & M. Metz. (1999). Implications of Economic Policy for Food Security: A Training Manual. http://www.fao.org/3/x3936e/X3936E00.htm. (Diakses pada 28 Mei 2021).

Tunks, Megan. (2021). From Food Insecurity to Food Security. https://toitangata.co.nz/2020/06/23/me gan-tunks-from-food-insecurity-to-food-security/. (diakses pada 19 Mei 2021).

United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN). (Mac 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting people’s food environments: a resource list on Food Systems and Nutrition responses. https://www.unscn.org/en/news-events/recent-news?idnews=2039

Utter, J., S. Denny, Robinson, E. et al. (2012). Food security concerns among young people: Impact on eating behaviors and weight status. Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition, 7(1), 101–11.

Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency. (2019). Keeping Cities Moving. https://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/ resources/keeping-cities-moving/Keeping-cities-moving.pdf (diakses pada 14 April 2021).

Warr, P. (2014) Food Insecurity and Its Determinants. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 58, 519–37.

Whitaker, R. Phillips, S. & Orzol, S. (2006). Food insecurity and the risks of depression and anxiety in mothers and behavior problems in their school-aged children. Pediatrics, 118(3), e859–68.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). 5 Mei. https://covid19.who.int/. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

World Bank. (2021). Food Security and COVID-19. 21 Mei. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agri culture/brief/food-security-and-covid-19. (diakses pada 20 Mei 2021).

World Food Programme. (2015). Hunger. https://www.wfp.org/hunger/what-is.

Yousafzai, A.K, Rasheed, M.A. & Bhutta, Z.A. (2013). Annual research review: improved nutrition–pathway to resilience. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 54:367–77. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12019 . (diakses pada 19 Mei 2021).

Zhao, N. & Guangyu, Z. (2020). Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Moderator role of disaster stressor and mediator role of negative affect. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 12, 1019–38.
Published
2021-06-10
How to Cite
De Silva, M., Tingkas, E., Lai, Y., Baco, Z., Peters, D. and Awang Jambol, D. J. (2021) “Masalah Sekuriti Makanan Sebelum dan Semasa Pandemik Covid-19: Kajian kes di New Zealand”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(6), pp. 1 - 17. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v6i6.832.
Section
Articles