Comparison and Contrast between Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice and Shamsul’s Two Social Reality Approach in the Portrayal of Identity
Keywords:
theory of practice, two social reality, structure, identity
Abstract
This paper analyses Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice, the concept field and habitus and Shamsul Amri’s Two Social Reality, the concept everyday- defined and authority-defined as both theories that function as analytical tools and have similar narratives based on the macro/micro and structure/agency linkage. A comparison and contrast of both theories were analysed to further understand the use of each theory. Findings within the article show both theories have a structural or authoritative emphasis however the theories differ in functionality with Bourdieu’s “Theory of Practice” focusing on power dynamics and social class through direct link between the habitus, field and capital whereas Shamsul’s Two Social Reality focuses on the formation of identity and ethnic dynamics in Malaysia based on the effect of colonialism in the authority-defined and everyday-defined sphere. The main goal of this paper serves to highlight both theories and its application when analysing and tackling different social phenomena and narratives in future research.
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References
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Block, D. (2013). The structure and agency dilemma in identity and intercultural communication research. Language and Intercultural Communication, 13(2): 126-147. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2013.770863
Bottero, W. (2010). Intersubjectivity and Bourdieusian approaches to ‘identity’. Cultural Sociology, 4(1): 3-22. Doi: 10.1177/1749975509356750
Bourdieu, P. (1977a). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; in French 1972).
Bourdieu, P. (1977b). The economics of linguistic exchanges. Social Science Information, 16(6): 645–668. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847701600601
Bourdieu, P. (1977c) 'Symbolic power', in D. Gleeson (ed.), Identity and Structure: Issues in the Sociology of Education (Driffield: Nafferton Books)
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste (R. Nice, Trans.)
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice, Cambridge Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1993). Sociology in question. London: Sage
Bourdieu, P., L. Boltanski and M. de Saint Martin. (1978) 'Changes in social structure and changes in the demand for educaton', inS. Giner and M.S. Archer (eds), Contemporary Europe: Social Structures and Cultural Patterns (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Brubaker, R., & Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond ‘Identity’. Theory and Society, 29(1): 1–47. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3108478
Carlsnaes, W. (1992). The Agency-Structure Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis. International Studies Quarterly, 36(3): 245–270. JSTOR. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/2600772
Clarke, M. (2000). Rosa Parks’ Performativity, Habitus, and Ability to Play the Game. Philosophy Today, 44(Supplement): 160–168. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday200044Supplement18
Cockerham, W. C. (2005). Health lifestyle theory and the convergence of agency and structure. Journal of health and social behavior, 46(1): 51-67. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4147653
De Nooy, W., (2003) ‘Fields and network analysis: correspondence analysis and social network analysis in the framework of field theory’, Poetics, 31 (5-6): 305-327.
DiMaggio, P. (1979). On Pierre Bourdieu. American Journal of Sociology, 84(6): 1460–1474. JSTOR. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777906?seq=1
Fabiansson, C. (2015). Young people’s societal belonging and perception of social status within networks. Rural Society, 24(1): 85–105. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2014.1001476
Fernandis, G. (2000). Papia, Relijang e Tradisang. The Portuguese Eurasians in Malaysia: Bumiquest, a Search for Self Identity. Lustopie (7). Retrieved from https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1375
Goetze, C. (2017). Pierre Bourdieu’s Toolbox: Fields, Power, Practices, and Habitus in theAnalysis of Peacebuilding. In The distinction of peace: a social analysis of peacebuilding. [E-book] (15-39). University of Michigan Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5nd6.6
Harker, R., Mahar, C., & Wilkes, C. (Eds.). (1990). An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice of Theory. Palgrave Macmillan UK. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21134-0
Hay, C. (2002) ‘Globalisation as a Problem of Political Analysis: Restoring Agents to a “Process without a Subject” and Politics to a Logic of Economic Compulsion’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 15(3): 379–392. Doi: 10.1080/0955757022000010935.
Hilgers, M., & Mangez, É. (2014). Introduction to Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social fields. In M. Hilgers & É. Mangez (Eds.) Bourdieu's theory of social fields: concepts and applications, [E-book] (1-36). Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266615346
Jones, S. (1997). The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. Routledge.
Kipo, D. (2013). Agency-Structure Relation in Social Sciences: Reflections on Policy Implementation. Asian Social Science, 10(2). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n2p18
Kupari, H. (2016). Practice, Habitus and Lived Religion. In Lifelong Religion as Habitus: religious practice among displaced Karelian Orthodox women in Finland Chapter 2. [E-book] (10-33). Brill. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2mf.6
Lacroix, T. (2012). Designing a structure/agency approach to transnationalism, the international Migration Institute (IMI), IMI working Paper Series 2013, No. 65. Retrieved from https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00819982
Lahire, B. (2014). The limits of the field: Elements for a theory of the social differentiation of activities. In M. Hilgers & E. Mangez (Eds.), Bourdieu's Theory of Social Fields. Concept and application. [e-book] 62- 101. Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266615346
Layder, D. (1994). Understanding social theory. Sage.
Levine, H. B. (1999). Reconstructing Ethnicity. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 5(2): 165. Retrieved from https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-55472990/reconstructing-ethnicity
Liska, A. E. (1990). The Significance of Aggregate Dependent Variables and Contextual Independent Variables for Linking Macro and Micro Theories. Social Psychology Quarterly 53(4), 292-301. JSTOR. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2786735
Mehdi, R., Hossein, M., Abdulhadi, M. & Abolfazl, H. (2014). The Relationship between Structure and Agency in Communicative Action Theory. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 3(2): 141-149. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Relationship-between-Structure-and-Agency-in-Rafiee-Mirzaei/48aed8fd04d4e28c26495fe1a3b3573d17ae753c
Ngarachu, F. W. (2014). APPLYING PIERRE BOURDIEU’S CONCEPTS OF HABITUS AND FIELD TO THE STUDY OF ETHNICITY IN KENYA. Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 5(1): 57-69. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jolte/article/view/104805
Ong, W. J. (2013). Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture (Reprint edition). Cornell University Press.
Pirnajmuddin, H., & Heidari, E. (2013). Brian Friel's Translations: a Bourdieusian reading. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(4): 741-745. Doi: 10.4304/jltr.4.4.741-745
Pue, G. H. & Shamsul, A. B. (2012). Peranakan as a Social Concept. (UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 20 (April). [E-book]. Institute Kajian Etnik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317277163
Reay, D. (1998). Rethinking Social Class: Qualitative Perspectives on Class and Gender. Sociology-the Journal of The British Sociological Association - SOCIOLOGY, 32, 259–275. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038598032002003
Ritzer, G. (1999). Classical Sociological Theory: 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies.
Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=dVpxAAAAMAAJ&sitesec=reviews
Sallaz, J. J., & Zavisca, J. (2007). Bourdieu in American Sociology, 1980–2004. Annual Review of Sociology, 33(1): 21–41. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131627
Savage, M. (2000). Class analysis and social transformation. Open University Press.
Sciulli, D., & Gerstein, D. (1985). Social Theory and Talcott Parsons in the 1980. Annual Review of Sociology, 11(1): 369-387. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083299
Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and organizations: Ideas and interests. Sage.
Serban, S. (2011). Bourdieu's influence on contemporary thought in the social sciences. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 3(2): 248- 253. Retrieved from https://addletonacademicpublishers.com/search-in-crlsj/1411-bourdieu-s-influence-on-contemporary-thought-in-the-social-sciences
Sewell Jr, W. H. (1992). A theory of structure: Duality, agency, and transformation. American journal of sociology, 98(1): 1-29. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2781191
Shamsul A. B. (1999). Identity contestation in Malaysia: A comparative commentary on ‘Malayness’ and ‘Chineseness’. AKADEMIKA, 55(July): 17–37. Retrieved from http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/penerbit/jdem55-01.html
Shamsul, A. B. & Athi, S. M. (2015). Ethnicity and identity formation: Colonial knowledge, colonial structures and transition. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia, Chapter 21. [E-book] (.267-278). Taylor and Francis Inc. Retrieved from https://ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/ethnicity-and-identity-formation-colonial-knowledge-colonial-stru
Shamsul, A. B. (1996a). Debating about identity in Malaysia: A discourse analysis. Southeast Asian Studies, 34(3): 476–499. Retrieved from https://ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/debating-about-identity-in-malaysia-a-discourse-analysis
Shamsul, A. B. (1996b). ‘Nations-of-Intent in Malaysia’ in Asian Forms of the Nation, edited by Stein Tonnesson and Han Antlov, London: Curzon 1996 (323–347). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275956816_'Nations-of-Intent_in_Malaysia'_in_Asian_Forms_of_the_Nation_edited_by_Stein_Tonnesson_and_Han_Antlov_London_Curzon_1996
Shamsul, A. B. (2001). A history of an identity, an identity of a history: The idea and practice of ‘Malayness’ in Malaysia reconsidered. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 32(3): 355–366. Retrieved from https://ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-history-of-an-identity-an-identity-of-a-history-the-idea-and-pr
Shamsul, A. B. (2013). Politics of Language and Language of Politics: Theory and practice of the ‘Nation-of-Intent’ as articulated in Malaysia. UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 35.
Siddique, S., & Suryadinata, L. (1981). Bumiputra and Pribumi: Economic Nationalism (Indiginism) in Malaysia and Indonesia. Pacific Affairs, 54(4): 662–687. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/2757890
Singh, S. (2016). Political Field Dynamics and the Elite’s Interest in Democracy: Insights from the Political Elite’s Role in Consolidating Indian Democracy. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 29(2): 183–208. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-015-9211-5
Skeggs, B. (1997). Formations of class & gender: Becoming respectable (Vol. 51). Sage.
Spencer, S. (2006). Race and ethnicity: Culture, identity and representation. [e-book]. Retrieved from http://armytage.net/pdsdata/[Stephen_Spencer]_Race_and_Ethnicity_Identity,_Cu(BookFi.o g).pdf
Swartz, D. (2012). Culture and power: The sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. University of Chicago Press.
Sweeney, A. (1987). A Full Hearing: Orality and Literacy in the Malay World. University of California, Berkeley, 1987). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/1177968
Tan, S. (2011). Understanding the “Structure” and “Agency”; debate in the Social Sciences. Habitus (Undergraduate Journal of the Yale Sociology Department). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/576759/Understanding_the_Structure_and_Agency_debate_in_the_Social_Sciences
Tsekeris, C., & Lydaki, A. (2011). The micro-macro dilemma in sociology: Perplexities and perspectives. Sociologija, 53(1): 67-82. Doi: 10.2298/SOC1101067T
Turner, B. S., & Wainwright, S. P. (2003). Corps de ballet: The case of the injured ballet dancer. Sociology of Health & Illness, 25(4): 269-288.
Vandenberghe, F. (2005). Book Review: The Archers: A Tale of Folk (Final Episode?). European Journal of Social Theory, 8(2):227–237. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431005051765
Block, D. (2013). The structure and agency dilemma in identity and intercultural communication research. Language and Intercultural Communication, 13(2): 126-147. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2013.770863
Bottero, W. (2010). Intersubjectivity and Bourdieusian approaches to ‘identity’. Cultural Sociology, 4(1): 3-22. Doi: 10.1177/1749975509356750
Bourdieu, P. (1977a). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; in French 1972).
Bourdieu, P. (1977b). The economics of linguistic exchanges. Social Science Information, 16(6): 645–668. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847701600601
Bourdieu, P. (1977c) 'Symbolic power', in D. Gleeson (ed.), Identity and Structure: Issues in the Sociology of Education (Driffield: Nafferton Books)
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste (R. Nice, Trans.)
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice, Cambridge Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1993). Sociology in question. London: Sage
Bourdieu, P., L. Boltanski and M. de Saint Martin. (1978) 'Changes in social structure and changes in the demand for educaton', inS. Giner and M.S. Archer (eds), Contemporary Europe: Social Structures and Cultural Patterns (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Brubaker, R., & Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond ‘Identity’. Theory and Society, 29(1): 1–47. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3108478
Carlsnaes, W. (1992). The Agency-Structure Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis. International Studies Quarterly, 36(3): 245–270. JSTOR. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/2600772
Clarke, M. (2000). Rosa Parks’ Performativity, Habitus, and Ability to Play the Game. Philosophy Today, 44(Supplement): 160–168. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday200044Supplement18
Cockerham, W. C. (2005). Health lifestyle theory and the convergence of agency and structure. Journal of health and social behavior, 46(1): 51-67. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4147653
De Nooy, W., (2003) ‘Fields and network analysis: correspondence analysis and social network analysis in the framework of field theory’, Poetics, 31 (5-6): 305-327.
DiMaggio, P. (1979). On Pierre Bourdieu. American Journal of Sociology, 84(6): 1460–1474. JSTOR. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777906?seq=1
Fabiansson, C. (2015). Young people’s societal belonging and perception of social status within networks. Rural Society, 24(1): 85–105. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2014.1001476
Fernandis, G. (2000). Papia, Relijang e Tradisang. The Portuguese Eurasians in Malaysia: Bumiquest, a Search for Self Identity. Lustopie (7). Retrieved from https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1375
Goetze, C. (2017). Pierre Bourdieu’s Toolbox: Fields, Power, Practices, and Habitus in theAnalysis of Peacebuilding. In The distinction of peace: a social analysis of peacebuilding. [E-book] (15-39). University of Michigan Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5nd6.6
Harker, R., Mahar, C., & Wilkes, C. (Eds.). (1990). An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice of Theory. Palgrave Macmillan UK. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21134-0
Hay, C. (2002) ‘Globalisation as a Problem of Political Analysis: Restoring Agents to a “Process without a Subject” and Politics to a Logic of Economic Compulsion’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 15(3): 379–392. Doi: 10.1080/0955757022000010935.
Hilgers, M., & Mangez, É. (2014). Introduction to Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social fields. In M. Hilgers & É. Mangez (Eds.) Bourdieu's theory of social fields: concepts and applications, [E-book] (1-36). Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266615346
Jones, S. (1997). The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. Routledge.
Kipo, D. (2013). Agency-Structure Relation in Social Sciences: Reflections on Policy Implementation. Asian Social Science, 10(2). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n2p18
Kupari, H. (2016). Practice, Habitus and Lived Religion. In Lifelong Religion as Habitus: religious practice among displaced Karelian Orthodox women in Finland Chapter 2. [E-book] (10-33). Brill. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2mf.6
Lacroix, T. (2012). Designing a structure/agency approach to transnationalism, the international Migration Institute (IMI), IMI working Paper Series 2013, No. 65. Retrieved from https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00819982
Lahire, B. (2014). The limits of the field: Elements for a theory of the social differentiation of activities. In M. Hilgers & E. Mangez (Eds.), Bourdieu's Theory of Social Fields. Concept and application. [e-book] 62- 101. Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266615346
Layder, D. (1994). Understanding social theory. Sage.
Levine, H. B. (1999). Reconstructing Ethnicity. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 5(2): 165. Retrieved from https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-55472990/reconstructing-ethnicity
Liska, A. E. (1990). The Significance of Aggregate Dependent Variables and Contextual Independent Variables for Linking Macro and Micro Theories. Social Psychology Quarterly 53(4), 292-301. JSTOR. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2786735
Mehdi, R., Hossein, M., Abdulhadi, M. & Abolfazl, H. (2014). The Relationship between Structure and Agency in Communicative Action Theory. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 3(2): 141-149. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Relationship-between-Structure-and-Agency-in-Rafiee-Mirzaei/48aed8fd04d4e28c26495fe1a3b3573d17ae753c
Ngarachu, F. W. (2014). APPLYING PIERRE BOURDIEU’S CONCEPTS OF HABITUS AND FIELD TO THE STUDY OF ETHNICITY IN KENYA. Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 5(1): 57-69. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jolte/article/view/104805
Ong, W. J. (2013). Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture (Reprint edition). Cornell University Press.
Pirnajmuddin, H., & Heidari, E. (2013). Brian Friel's Translations: a Bourdieusian reading. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(4): 741-745. Doi: 10.4304/jltr.4.4.741-745
Pue, G. H. & Shamsul, A. B. (2012). Peranakan as a Social Concept. (UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 20 (April). [E-book]. Institute Kajian Etnik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317277163
Reay, D. (1998). Rethinking Social Class: Qualitative Perspectives on Class and Gender. Sociology-the Journal of The British Sociological Association - SOCIOLOGY, 32, 259–275. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038598032002003
Ritzer, G. (1999). Classical Sociological Theory: 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies.
Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=dVpxAAAAMAAJ&sitesec=reviews
Sallaz, J. J., & Zavisca, J. (2007). Bourdieu in American Sociology, 1980–2004. Annual Review of Sociology, 33(1): 21–41. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131627
Savage, M. (2000). Class analysis and social transformation. Open University Press.
Sciulli, D., & Gerstein, D. (1985). Social Theory and Talcott Parsons in the 1980. Annual Review of Sociology, 11(1): 369-387. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083299
Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and organizations: Ideas and interests. Sage.
Serban, S. (2011). Bourdieu's influence on contemporary thought in the social sciences. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 3(2): 248- 253. Retrieved from https://addletonacademicpublishers.com/search-in-crlsj/1411-bourdieu-s-influence-on-contemporary-thought-in-the-social-sciences
Sewell Jr, W. H. (1992). A theory of structure: Duality, agency, and transformation. American journal of sociology, 98(1): 1-29. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2781191
Shamsul A. B. (1999). Identity contestation in Malaysia: A comparative commentary on ‘Malayness’ and ‘Chineseness’. AKADEMIKA, 55(July): 17–37. Retrieved from http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/penerbit/jdem55-01.html
Shamsul, A. B. & Athi, S. M. (2015). Ethnicity and identity formation: Colonial knowledge, colonial structures and transition. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia, Chapter 21. [E-book] (.267-278). Taylor and Francis Inc. Retrieved from https://ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/ethnicity-and-identity-formation-colonial-knowledge-colonial-stru
Shamsul, A. B. (1996a). Debating about identity in Malaysia: A discourse analysis. Southeast Asian Studies, 34(3): 476–499. Retrieved from https://ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/debating-about-identity-in-malaysia-a-discourse-analysis
Shamsul, A. B. (1996b). ‘Nations-of-Intent in Malaysia’ in Asian Forms of the Nation, edited by Stein Tonnesson and Han Antlov, London: Curzon 1996 (323–347). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275956816_'Nations-of-Intent_in_Malaysia'_in_Asian_Forms_of_the_Nation_edited_by_Stein_Tonnesson_and_Han_Antlov_London_Curzon_1996
Shamsul, A. B. (2001). A history of an identity, an identity of a history: The idea and practice of ‘Malayness’ in Malaysia reconsidered. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 32(3): 355–366. Retrieved from https://ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-history-of-an-identity-an-identity-of-a-history-the-idea-and-pr
Shamsul, A. B. (2013). Politics of Language and Language of Politics: Theory and practice of the ‘Nation-of-Intent’ as articulated in Malaysia. UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 35.
Siddique, S., & Suryadinata, L. (1981). Bumiputra and Pribumi: Economic Nationalism (Indiginism) in Malaysia and Indonesia. Pacific Affairs, 54(4): 662–687. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/2757890
Singh, S. (2016). Political Field Dynamics and the Elite’s Interest in Democracy: Insights from the Political Elite’s Role in Consolidating Indian Democracy. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 29(2): 183–208. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-015-9211-5
Skeggs, B. (1997). Formations of class & gender: Becoming respectable (Vol. 51). Sage.
Spencer, S. (2006). Race and ethnicity: Culture, identity and representation. [e-book]. Retrieved from http://armytage.net/pdsdata/[Stephen_Spencer]_Race_and_Ethnicity_Identity,_Cu(BookFi.o g).pdf
Swartz, D. (2012). Culture and power: The sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. University of Chicago Press.
Sweeney, A. (1987). A Full Hearing: Orality and Literacy in the Malay World. University of California, Berkeley, 1987). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/1177968
Tan, S. (2011). Understanding the “Structure” and “Agency”; debate in the Social Sciences. Habitus (Undergraduate Journal of the Yale Sociology Department). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/576759/Understanding_the_Structure_and_Agency_debate_in_the_Social_Sciences
Tsekeris, C., & Lydaki, A. (2011). The micro-macro dilemma in sociology: Perplexities and perspectives. Sociologija, 53(1): 67-82. Doi: 10.2298/SOC1101067T
Turner, B. S., & Wainwright, S. P. (2003). Corps de ballet: The case of the injured ballet dancer. Sociology of Health & Illness, 25(4): 269-288.
Vandenberghe, F. (2005). Book Review: The Archers: A Tale of Folk (Final Episode?). European Journal of Social Theory, 8(2):227–237. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431005051765
Published
2021-07-10
How to Cite
Vega, S., Pandian, S. and Ahmad Pazil, N. H. (2021) “Comparison and Contrast between Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice and Shamsul’s Two Social Reality Approach in the Portrayal of Identity”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(7), pp. 293 - 304. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v6i7.869.
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