Elemen Keusahawanan dalam Bidang Kulinari
Keywords:
keusahawanan, kulinari, kerangka keusahawanan kulinari, graduan kulinari, pengukuran tahap keusahawanan
Abstract
Kewujudan jurang antara jangkaan pelajar kulinari dan realiti pasaran kerja telah menyebabkan pelajar berdepan dengan halangan untuk memasuki atau menyambung kerjaya di dalam industri yang sama. Oleh yang demikian, keusahawanan merupakan salah satu pendekatan yang terbaik dalam mendidik pelajar kulinari untuk bersedia untuk menghadapi sebarang kemungkinan selepas bergraduasi. Namun, tiada garis panduan untuk menentukan dan mengukur tahap keusahawanan pelajar kulinari. Oleh itu, penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti elemen-elemen keusahawanan dalam kulinari. Hasil penyelidikan ini adalah sebuah kerangka keusahawanan kulinari. Sampingan dari penyelidikan ini adalah untuk membina instrument pengukuran tahap keusahawanan kulinari serta menghasilkan profil keusahawanan kulinari bagi pelajar kulinari. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif pada fasa pertama melalui analisa dokumen dan temu bual bersama graduan dan ushawan kulinari. Di akhir penyelidikan ini akan memperoleh satu kerangka keusahawanan kulinari yang turut digunakan bagi menghasilkan instrumen pengukuran tahap keusahawanan kulinari pada penyelidikan fasa kedua.
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References
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Shlay, A. B. (2006). Low-income Homeownership : American Dream or Delusion ? Urban Studies, 43(3), 511–531.
Turner, T. M., & Luea, H. (2009). Homeownership, wealth accumulation and income status. Journal of Housing Economics, 18(2), 104–114. doi:10.1016/j.jhe.2009.04.005
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Winters, S., & Elsinga, M. (2008). The future of Flemish social housing. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 23(3), 215–230. doi:10.1007/s10901-008-9113-1
Yates, J., Milligan, V., Berry, M., Burke, T., Gabriel, M., Phibbs, P., … Randolph, B. (2007). Housing affordability : a 21st century problem. Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, (105), 1–63.
Arimah, B. (1992). Hedonic Prices and the Demand for Housing Attributes in a Third World City: The Case of Ibadan, Nigeria. Urban Studies, 29(5), 639–651. doi:10.1080/00420989220080601
Atterhog, M. (2005). Importance of government policies for home ownership rates An international survey and analysis. Swedish Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm.
Atterhog, M., & Song, H. (2009). A Survey of Policies that may Increase Access to Home Ownership for Low Income Households. Housing, Theory and Society, 26(4), 248–270. doi:10.1080/14036090802614479
Bentzien, V., Rottke, N., & Zietz, J. (2012). Affordability and Germany’s low homeownership rate. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 5(3), 289–312. doi:10.1108/17538271211243616
Bentzinger, A. L., & Cook, C. C. (2012). On The Path To Homeownership: Low Income Owners And Renters In Rural Communities. Housing and Society, 39(1), 77–98.
Bourassa, S. C. (1996). Measuring the Affordability of Home-ownership. Urban Studies, 33(10), 1867–1877.
Bourassa, S. C., & Hoesli, M. (2008). Why Do the Swiss Rent? The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 40(3), 286–309. doi:10.1007/s11146-008-9140-4
Bramley, G. (2011). Affordability, poverty and housing need: triangulating measures and standards. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 27(2), 133–151. doi:10.1007/s10901-011-9255-4
De Groot, C., Manting, D., & Mulder, C. H. (2013). Longitudinal analysis of the formation and realisation of preferences to move into homeownership in the Netherlands. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 28(3), 469–488. doi:10.1007/s10901-012-9320-7
Decker, P., & Dewilde, C. (2010). Home-ownership and asset-based welfare: the case of Belgium. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 25(2), 243–262. doi:10.1007/s10901-010-9185-6
Fisher, L. M., & Jaffe, A. J. (2003). Determinants of International Home Ownership Rates. Housing Finance International, (September), 34–42.
Gan, C., Hu, B., Gao, C., Kao, B., & Cohen, D. a. (2014). An empirical analysis of homeownership in urban China. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 8(1), 1–17. doi:10.1108/JABS-01-2012-0005
Gyourko, J., Linneman, P., & Wachter, S. (1999). Analyzing the Relationships among Race , Wealth , and Home Ownership in America. Journal of Housing Economics, 8, 63–89.
Hulchanski, J. D. (1995). the Concept of Housing Affordability - 6 Contemporary Uses of the Housing Expenditure-To-Income Ratio. Housing Studies, 10(4), 471–491. doi:10.1080/02673039508720833
Ibem, E. O. (2012). Residents’ perception of the quality of public housing in urban areas in Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 29(9), 1000–1018. doi:10.1108/02656711211272917
Kupke, V., & Rossini, P. (2011). Housing affordability in Australia for first home buyers on moderate incomes. Property Management, 29(4), 357–370. doi:10.1108/02637471111154809
Kutty, N. K. (2005). A new measure of housing affordability: Estimates and analytical results. Housing Policy Debate, 16(February), 113–142. doi:10.1080/10511482.2005.9521536
Lauridsen, J., Nannerup, N., & Skak, M. (2008). Dynamic and Geographic Variation in Determinant Effects on Home Ownership. Discussion Papers on Business and Economics, 5.
Luffman, J. (2006). Measuring housing affordability. Perspective. Canada.
Mohit, M. A., & Nazyddah, N. (2011). Social housing programme of Selangor Zakat Board of Malaysia and housing satisfaction. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 26(2), 143–164. doi:10.1007/s10901-011-9216-y
Norazmawati Md. Sani. (2012). Affordable House in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research, 4(3), 75–83.
Nwuba, C. C., Kalu, I. U., & Umeh, J. a. (2015). Determinants of homeownership affordability in Nigeria’s urban housing markets. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 8(2), 189–206. doi:10.1108/IJHMA-06-2014-0020
Phang, S. Y. (2010). Affordable homeownership policy: Implications for housing markets. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 3(1), 38–52. doi:10.1108/17538271011027069
Porteous, D. (2011). Housing Finance and Financial Inclusion. In D. Köhn & J. D. Pischke (Eds.), Housing Finance in Emerging Markets: Connecting Low-Income Groups to Markets (pp. 7–48). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77857-8
Riley, S. F., Ru, H., & Feng, Q. (2013). The User Cost of Low-Income Homeownership. The Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 43(2), 123–137.
Robinson, M., Scobie, G. M., & Hallinan, B. (2006). Affordability of Housing : Concepts , Measurement and Evidence (No. 06/04). New Zealand, New Zealand.
Scalon, K., & Whitehead, C. (2004). International trends in housing tenure and mortgage finance. London: The Council of Mortgage Lenders (CML). Retrieved from www.cml.org.uk/cml/filegrab/pdf_pub_resreps_51full.pdf.pdf?ref=3870
Shlay, A. B. (2006). Low-income Homeownership : American Dream or Delusion ? Urban Studies, 43(3), 511–531.
Turner, T. M., & Luea, H. (2009). Homeownership, wealth accumulation and income status. Journal of Housing Economics, 18(2), 104–114. doi:10.1016/j.jhe.2009.04.005
Unit Perancang Ekonomi. (2010). Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh 2011-2015. (Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Ed.). Putrajaya.
Winters, S., & Elsinga, M. (2008). The future of Flemish social housing. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 23(3), 215–230. doi:10.1007/s10901-008-9113-1
Yates, J., Milligan, V., Berry, M., Burke, T., Gabriel, M., Phibbs, P., … Randolph, B. (2007). Housing affordability : a 21st century problem. Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, (105), 1–63.
